Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 is a heterogeneous disorder of complex etiology that occurs in response to genetic influences and impacts of the external environment. There are numerous risk factors thatcontribute to the development of type 2 diabetes such as: heritage, overabundant food and as a consequence of obesity in animals, physical inactivity, the presence of hypertension, psychogenic stress and many others. The aim of this study is to analyze and determine the existence of risk factors for type 2 diabetes in patients of all ages and both sexes treated in the general practice of the Health Centres for municipality Ilidza.Methods: The research is cross-sectional study, which is carried out in February 2010 in the general practice of the Health Centres for municipality Ilidža. Research instrument was a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements.Results: The results show us that in our sample 62% of patients had increased body mass index 25% of male respondents and 48% of females has waist I and II risks, both sexes are fairly large percentage (40%) inactive, a large percentage of respondents (52%) taking antihypertensive medications, 21% of respondents have a genetic predisposition of developing diabetes.Conclusions: There is a risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a large percentage of patients. Risk factors, important for the development of type 2 diabetes, were present at more than half of examinees and promotion of health and healthy lifestyles is necessary in all age groups.

Introduction: The role of salt in the diet is very important, however what effect will lead to its entry into the organism depends on the amount of salt ingested. Elevated salt intake is a risk factor for hypertension, heart disease, adversely affects the kidneys, helps the development of osteoporosis. The aim was to examine sodium intake in the student population through an objective assessment of nutrition students and the students' subjective experience of salty foods and salty foods influence on the organism.Methods: The research is cross-sectional study, which is carried out in April 2010 among students at the University of Sarajevo.Results: More than half of students from the FHS considers that the greatest amount of salt into the body, adding salt to food during the meal, 34% considered that it was during the preparation of food by 10% of processed products in the food industry and 4% said that it was the intake of salt, which naturally found in foods. Not in a group of students there who suffer from hypertension, while in their families the disease is present.Conclusions: Subjects eat a quantity of salt that are well above the recommended. This problem must be approached in a more organized educational, health educational and research terms.

Introduction: Traumatic injuries of the spinal column are among the most devastating injuries in orthopedics. The primary goals of rehabilitation of these injuries are prevention of secondary complications, maximizing physical functioning and reintegration into the community. Rehabilitation after spinal injury reqires multidisciplinary team approach. Team members include, but are not limited to, physical therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, psychologists, health care managers and social workers, with each member having role and responsibility in their area of expertise. This study aimed to determine the difference in the occurrence of spinal injuries according to gender, age, cause of injury, neurological phenomenon in injured patients, the treatment and physical procedures used in the early stages of rehabilitation. Methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective and comparative at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Medical records of 100 patients, treated at from January 1 st 2007 till June 30 th 2008, were processed and data about outpatient protocols and surgery protocols analyzed. Results: The results obtained from the data showed greater proportion of women (56%) compared to men (44%). Most patients were in the age group between 41 and 60. Injuries were most often due to falls from height

Dmp1 (cyclin D-interacting myb-like protein 1; Dmtf1) is a transcription factor isolated in yeast two-hybrid screen as a cyclin D2 binding partner. As a transcription factor, Dmp1 binds to nonameric DNA consensus sequences CCCG(G/T)ATG(T/C) to act as an activator or a repressor. Extensive molecular and genetic evidence links tumor suppressor function of Dmp1 to regulation of the ARF-p53 pathway. In fact, Dmp1 directly binds to p19Arf (p14ARF in humans) promoter and induces its expression. Increase in ARF level leads to protection of p53 from Mdm2-mediated degradation and subsequent increase in p53 target genes involved in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncogenic Ras and Her2/neu induce Dmp1 expression leading to Arf-, p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. Human DMP1 locus is hemizygously deleted in ∼50% of breast carcinomas, which is mutually exclusive of ARF and p53 loss. Based on the amino acid sequence, predicted molecular weight of Dmp1 is 85kDa. However, Dmp1 migrates to ∼120-130kDa on a SDS-PAGE gel, suggesting post-translational modifications. Although signal transduction pathways regulating Dmp1 transcripton have been studied, the role of Dmp1 protein modification is unknown. Treatment of Dmp1 protein with calf intestine phosphatase and running a 2D SDS-PAGE gel, we have shown that one mode of post-translational modification is via phosphorylation. The presence of phosphates on several Serines and/or Threonines was confirmed with mass spectrometry. Using an Arf luciferase reporter assay in 3T3 cells, we found that MEKK1 (MEK kinase 1) synergizes with Dmp1 on the Arf promoter activity, with the synergy attenuated when several of the putative phosphorylation sites on Dmp1 were mutated. The effect observed was Dmp1-dependent since MEKK1 was unable to activate the Arf promoter in Dmp1-null cells. Full length (inactive) MEKK1 was unable to synergize with Dmp1 on the Arf promoter activity suggesting necessity of the kinase activity. The ability of MEKK1 to directly phosphorylate Dmp1 was confirmed in in vitro kinase assay using purified MEKK1 and Flag-Dmp1 proteins and Arf reporter assays where known kinases downstream of MEKK1(MEK1, MEK4/7, JNK1/2) were inhibited or knocked down. MEKK1 and Dmp1 co-immunoprecipitated when expressed in 3T3 cells. To study the effect of MEKK1 on endogenous Dmp1 and Arf, we either expressed MEKK1 or treated cells with MEKK1-activating drugs, cisplatin and etoposide. In this setting, endogenous p14ARF was induced and the banding pattern of Dmp1 protein was shifted in a SDS-PAGE gel indicating protein modification. Here we show that Dmp1 can be directly phosphorylated by MEKK1 to modulate Dmp1 transcriptional activity on the Arf promoter. Therefore, MEKK1 may activate the Arf-p53 pathway via direct Dmp1 protein phosphorylation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3076. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3076

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Cyclin D1 is a member of cyclin protein family, which drives the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. The cyclin D1 protein is overexpressed in ∼50% of human breast cancers and is associated with short survival of patients when the gene is amplified. Cyclin D1 forms holoenzymes with cyclin-dependent protein kinase (Cdk) 4 and 6, and the Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex phosphorylates and inactivates the pRb retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, releasing E2F transcriptional factors from Rb inhibition. The pRb phosphorylation is blocked by p16INK4a, encoded by the CDKN2A locus, which inhibits the kinase activity of Cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex. The CDKN2A locus also encodes another tumor suppressor protein named p14ARF (p19Arf in mouse), which stabilizes p53 by inhibiting MDM2-dependent degradation. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that the cyclin D1 collaborated with the Dmp1 (cyclin D binding myb-like protein 1) tumor suppressor to activate the Arf promoter. To further demonstrate the effect of cyclin D1 on p19Arf and p16Ink4a promoter activity, NIH 3T3 cells and MEF cells were transfected a construct expressing the luciferase reporter gene linked with the Arf promoter together with vector or cyclin D1. Using luciferase reporter assay, we found that the Arf promoter was activated upon cyclin D1 overexpression in both cell lines, and the activation was abrogated when cells were co-transfected with E2F-DB, which displaces endogenous E2Fs and acts in a dominant-negative manner. Consistent with reporter assays, the Arf mRNA was increased in MEFs overexpressing cyclin D1, compared to those infected with vector only. By performing chromatin immunoprecipitation in tumors of mammary gland from MMTV-neu transgenic mice that overexpress cyclin D1, we found that cyclin D1 can interact with the Arf promoter although it cannot directly bind to the Arf promoter region in electrophoretic mobility shift assay using recombinant cyclin D1 protein. To identify the effect of cyclin D1 on p16Ink4a promoter, we performed luciferase reporter assay in NIH 3T3 cells by co-transfecting Ink4a promoter together with vector or cyclin D1. We found that the Ink4a promoter activity was increased upon cyclin D1 overexpression, and the activation was not abrogated when cells were transfected with cyclin D1-K114E that does not bind to CDK4. Taken together, our data suggest that overexpression of cyclin D1 activates both p19Arf and p16Ink4a promoters to prevent neoplastic growth of incipient cancer cells, and the activation is mediated by indirect binding of cyclin D1 to the promoter regions. We are currently mapping the cyclin D1-responsive elements on the Arf and Ink4a promoters to identify transcription factors responsible for Arf/Ink4a induction by cyclin D1. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2958. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2958

Introduction: Gastrointestinal infectious diseases are a group of frequent diseases in developing countries as a result of industrialization in food production and often consuming of the food in public places. In Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Canton Sarajevo these diseases are frequent. The aim of this work is to investigate epidemiological characteristics of the most often gastrointestinal infectious diseases in Canton Sarajevo (Enterocolitis acuta, Toxiinfectio alimentaris, Salmonellosis, Amoebiasis) compared with Viral Hepatitis A and to estimate the need for the implementation of vaccination against this disease.Methods: We used individual reports as well as monthly and annual bulletins about the movement of infectious diseases which are obligatory for reporting from the Epidemiology department of the Institute for public health in Canton Sarajevo. This work is a retrospective study, for the period 2005-2009. Descriptive- analytical method was used. In statistical processing we used mean, structure index and trend index.Results: The research showed that gastrointestinal infectious diseases are registered in a huge number in all the observed years. The most often was Enterocolitis acuta, and the rarest was Viral Hepatitis A. The diseases were mostly sporadic. Distinct seasonality and coherence with warm months in the year is expressed in Enterocolitis acuta and Intoxicatio alimentaris, while the other diseases are registered during the whole year.Conclusions: Incidence of gastrointestinal infectious diseases in Canton Sarajevo is high and we need to work intensively to improve sanitary conditions as the most eficient preventive measures. There is no justification for implementing of the vaccine against Viral hepatitis A.