We analyzed high-order harmonic generation from the plasma plumes prepared on the surfaces of complex targets. The studies of In-Ag targets showed that the characteristics of the high-order harmonics from the double-target plume were the same as those from the single-target plasmas. For the chromium-tellurium plasma, the enhancements of the 29th and 27th harmonics were obtained, thus indicating the appearance of the enhancement properties from both components of the double-target plasma. These comparative studies also showed higher enhancement of a single harmonic in the case of atomic plasma (Sb) with regard to the molecular one (InSb). The additional component can only decrease the enhancement factor of the medium, due to the change of the oscillator strength and spectral distribution of the transitions involved in the resonance enhancement of the specific harmonic order. The theoretical calculations have shown the enhancement of specific harmonics for the Sb, Te, and Cr plasmas in the double-target configurations.

Aim To investigate the influence of probiotic pre-treatment on the permeation of the antidiabetic drug gliclazide in healthy and diabetic rats. Methods Wistar rats (age 2–3 months, weight 350 ± 50 g) were randomly allocated into one of 4 groups (N = 16 each group): healthy control, healthy probiotic, diabetic control, and diabetic probiotic. Probiotics (75 mg/kg, equal quantities of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were administered twice a day for three days to the appropriate groups after diabetes had been induced with alloxan i.v. 30 mg/kg. Rats were sacrificed, ileal tissues mounted in Ussing chambers and gliclazide (200 µg/mL) was administered for the measurement of the mucosal to serosal absorption Jss(MtoS) and serosal to mucosal secretion Jss(StoM) of gliclazide. Results Treatment of healthy rats with probiotics reduced Jss(MtoS) of gliclazide from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.3 ± 0.1 µg/min/cm2 (P < 0.01) and increased Jss(StoM)from 0.6 ± 0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.3 (P < 0.01) resulting in net secretion while, in diabetic tissues, treatment with probiotics increased both Jss(MtoS) and Jss(StoM)fluxes of gliclazide to the comparable levels of healthy tissues resulting in net absorption. Discussion In healthy rats, the reduction in Jss(MtoS) after probiotics administration could be explained by the production of bacterial metabolites that upregulate the mucosal efflux drug transporters Mrp2 that control gliclazide transport. In diabetic rats, the restored fluxes of gliclazide after probiotic treatment, suggests the normalization of the functionality of the drug transporters resulting in a net absorption. Conclusion Probiotics may alter gliclazide transport across rat ileal tissue studied ex vivo.

This paper presents results of a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study to determine the influence of certain key factors in planetary transmissions on gear stresses and planetary load sharing. A series of tests are conducted on a family of planetary gear sets, and strains are recorded at various locations on the outer diameter and gear tooth fillet of the ring gear. Pinion position errors are introduced as a representative key manufacturing tolerance, and the resultant changes in the planetary behavior are observed. The experimental data are compared to the predictions of a state-of-the-art multi-body contact analysis model-Gear System Analysis Modules (GSAM). This model is capable of including the influences of a number of system-level variables and quantifying their impact on gear strains. The model predictions are shown to compare well with the measured strain at the ring gear outer diameter and tooth fillet. GSAM predictions of planet load sharing are then used to quantify the influence of tangential pinhole position errors on three-, four-, five-, and six-planet test gear sets. These predictions also agree well with the planet load sharing experiments presented in a companion paper.

The definitions of physical abuse are mentioned in this article. The most common types and forms of physical abuse are also described. Risk factors for abuse depend on the characteristics of the child, characteristics of the parents, as well as the cultural characteristics of the environment and these are mentioned and described. Further on in the text we have described the neurological, cognitive, emotional and social consequences of physical abuse and have taken into consideration different forms of treatment and possibilities of preventing physical abuse.

The paper presents implementation and performance of an irregular sea wavemaker system. The system is designed for the purpose of testing sea waves impact on coastal facilities. It is suitable for long-crested two-dimensional irregular sea waves generation. The control algorithm is comprised of the offline calculation of the control waveform and the real-time governing of the wave paddle. Offline algorithm is implemented on a personal computer, whereas paddle control is realized on a programmable automation controller. The paper describes the generation procedure of a stochastic waveform according to criteria set in advance, as well as the control algorithm for producing the desired waveform. Functionality of the system is validated by experiments.