72 1024x768 Majority of students entering the studies of tourism, declare that the main reason for their choice was a desire to travel. For most of them, taking part in practical education programs is the first opportunity to perceive the different aspects of work in travel agencies, organisations and hotels. For the first time they are perceiving the positive, as well as negative aspects of this occupation. The aim of this paper is to elaborate the students attitudes towards practical education, as an invigorating factor for a desire to work in tourism, or as a factor that has changed their attitudes about their future career. A survey research confirmed the assumption that young people who decide to study tourism are not sufficiently familiar with the nature of work, complexity of communication with clients and responsibility that this occupation involves. 72 1024x768 Key words: Practical education, internships, tourism, students, employment Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

Through more than two decades of multilateral climate change negotiations, China has steadfastly opposed emission limits for developing countries. Scholars have traditionally explained the rigidity of Chinese diplomacy with reference to economic interests and power, and in the process understated the importance of equity norms. In international negotiations, China has served as one of the key architects and promoters of the common but differentiated responsibility principle, which holds that global environmental justice requires that developed countries bear the primary obligation for combating climate change. China has used this principle strategically in order to legitimize its opposition to emission limits. However, China’s negotiating stance cannot be defined simply as the instrumental use of norms, as Beijing is genuinely sensitive to issues of equity. These equity concerns have occasionally led China to act in a manner that, from a strict cost-benefit analysis, runs counter to its own economic interests. In sum, notions of environmental justice are simultaneously a tool China uses to pursue its interests and a force that structures China’s interest.

Functional transcrannial Doppler (fTCD) is used for monitoring the hemodynamics characteristics of major cerebral arteries. Its resting-state characteristics are known only when considering the maximal velocity corresponding to the highest Doppler shift (so called the envelope signals). Significantly more information about the resting-state fTCD can be gained when considering the raw cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) recordings. In this paper, we considered simultaneously acquired envelope and raw CBFV signals. Specifically, we collected bilateral CBFV recordings from left and right middle cerebral arteries using 20 healthy subjects (10 females). The data collection lasted for 15 minutes. The subjects were asked to remain awake, stay silent, and try to remain thought-free during the data collection. Time, frequency and time-frequency features were extracted from both the raw and the envelope CBFV signals. The effects of age, sex and body-mass index were examined on the extracted features. The results showed that the raw CBFV signals had a higher frequency content, and its temporal structures were almost uncorrelated. The information-theoretic features showed that the raw recordings from left and right middle cerebral arteries had higher content of mutual information than the envelope signals. Age and body-mass index did not have statistically significant effects on the extracted features. Sex-based differences were observed in all three domains and for both, the envelope signals and the raw CBFV signals. These findings indicate that the raw CBFV signals provide valuable information about the cerebral blood flow which can be utilized in further validation of fTCD as a clinical tool.

Background and aim: Hormonal and immunological aspects of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are in the past decade in focus of interest of researchers. We investigated concentrations of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), growth hormone (GH), insulin and markers of insulin resistance as like as inflammatory markers in order to find out their role and relationship in AMI. Material and methods: A prospective study was performed at University Clinical Center Tuzla from January to October 2010. Study group was consisted of 75 patients with AMI. There were 30 healthy controls. Blood samples were taken within first 24 hours of admission and analyzed for GH, IGF-1 and insulin at the Department of Nuclear Medicine. Glucose, glycolised hemoglobin HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen etc. were analyzed by standard methods at Biochemistry unit. Results: Median of GH in the study group (0,96) was higher than in controls (0,26); p <0.001. Difference in median’s concentrations of IGF-1 between AMI and controls was also significant (123 vs. 132 respectively; p< 0,05) as like as IGF-1/GH ratio (p <0.001). Concentration of insulin was higher in study (9,5) than in control group (7,1), but without statistical significance. Despite this, we found out significant difference between concentrations of glucose, HOMA-IR and HbA1C among groups. Levels of CRP and fibrinogen were significantly higher in AMI. Simple linear correlation analysis showed positive correlation between GH and CRP (R 0,350255, p< 0,005). Conclusions: GH resistance in AMI (Low IGF-1/GH) is probably result of inflammatory/immunological response and therefore could be prognostic marker.

Background. Diabetic neuropathy is a clinical or sub-clinical disorder in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the absence of any other causes for peripheral neuropathy. Methods. This one-year study comprised 69 subjects, children and adolescents with T1DM. The metabolic control of the illness was assessed on the basis of the glycaemia, glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid status, blood pressure, body weight and height and body mass index of the subjects. The data from a questionnaire assessed the frequency of clinical signs of diabetic neuropathy. Results. The clinical manifestations of diabetic neuropathy were muscular weakness, cramps, paraesthesia, insensitivity to pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, urinary disorders. The subjects with neuropathy had glycaemia of 9.8±1.8 mmol/L and HbA1C 10.6 ± 2.2%, with statistically significantly increased triglyceride levels (t=1.8, p=0.04), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (t=5.4, p 10 years had significantly more frequent pathological findings of the back of the eye (X2=3,2, p=0,02), with no statistically significant difference in albumin/creatinine (urine). The ROC curve with an analysis of age at the beginning of neuropathy was 11.7 years, with 55% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Conclusion. Our analysis suggests that there is a significant connection between the metabolic condition and the duration of the illness and the increased frequency of neuropathy in children and adolescents with T1DM. Aim. To test the hypothesis that metabolic control and length of illness are connected with an increased frequency of neuropathy in children and adolescents with T1DM.

Background: Recognition that total laminectomy may perpetuate or cause segmental instability heralded the introduction of less invasive techniques of decompression in lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Aim : It was our aim to compare formal laminectomy and minimally invasive decompressive procedures in terms of safety and clinical outcome, specifically in respect to the development of postoperative spinal instability. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records for 73 patients operated on for lumbar spinal stenosis (22 patients after laminectomy and 51 patients after minimally invasive decompression), with available follow-up data was performed. Basic variables were analyzed in respect to clinical outcome and in regard to development of radiological instability. Results: Radiologic instability was present in 27,3% of patients after laminectomy, as compared to only 2,0% after laminotomy (p<0,001). Regression analysis identified presence of preoperative slip (p=0,0056) and type of surgery (p=0,0204) as sole predictors of instability after surgery. Clinical outcome analysis (laminectomy vs. laminotomy) revealed favorable outcome in both treatment groups, although significantly in favor of the laminotomy group (VAS p= 0,013 and RM p=0,031). Finally, difference in outcome was affected by weather radiologic instability was present or not (p=0,04 and p=0,09 for difference in outcome graded by VAS and RM values respectively) Conclusion: Our results suggest that laminectomy is associated with prohibitively high incidence of postoperative radiologic instability when compared to minimally invasive decompression techniques. Furthermore, radiological instability translates to worse clinical outcome. Finally, patients undergoing laminectomy experience less favorable clinical outcome when compared to those undergoing minimally invasive decompression surgeries.

Aim To assess the frequency of some epidemiological characteristics amongst heroin dependant psychiatric patients in post war Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods We analyzed sixty heroin addicts (47 males; χ²-test=19.3, P<0.001) who were treated in the Department of Psychiatry Tuzla, during the period 1 st July 2007- 30 th Jun 2008, and were tested with Pompidou questionnaire. Results Average age of the group of patients studied was 27.3±5.6 years (min. 20- max. 44 years), the age of the first intake of heroin was 19.9±4.3 year and average duration of heroin addiction was 6.4±4.2 years. 43/60 started treatment following own decision, 48/60 coming from town’s environments, 46/60 were unemployed, 15/60 finished elementary school and 45/60 finished secondary school. 34/60 own driver’s licenses, males significantly more frequently 31/47 than females 3/13 (χ²-test=7.6, P=0.006). 39/60 had no marriage experience. 15/60 had own children (1-3 kids). 12/60 had experience of parents’ divorce, 13/60 had lost one parent and 2/60 lost both parents. Material status of parents was below average for 21/60, and average for 36/60. 24/60 had parent(s) who suffered from certain psychiatric disorder(s). Two thirds had judicial proceedings, and 33/60 were imprisoned. Hepatitis “C” virus infections were reported from 18/60 heroin addicts. Conclusion Majority of heroin addicts who were treated in Psychiatry Clinic in Tuzla were males, from towns, unemployed, not married, with finished secondary schools, owners of driver licenses, had average material status of parents. Majority of them had judicial proceedings with imprisonment. Hepatitis “C” infection was highly presented.