Liquid-phase exfoliation using biomolecules in aqueous solution is a promising approach to obtain high quality 2D nanosheets. For example, the well-studied graphene-binding peptide, P1 (sequence HSSYWYAFNNKT), has been previously investigated and shown to have a good ability to exfoliate graphene sheets in aqueous conditions under sonication, maintaining colloidal stability. Building on this, the biomolecular exfoliant and assembly motif (BEAM) peptide, that features a graphene-binding domain at one end and a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) binding domain at the other, separated by a 10-carbon fatty acid chain in the centre, is shown to exfoliate graphene sheets from bulk graphite in aqueous media. An in-depth examination of the ability of the BEAM to both facilitate sheet exfoliation under sonication conditions and also maintain colliodal stability is provided through molecular dynamics simulations. These findings open new possibilities for designing multi-functional molecules that can both exfoliate and organise 2D materials into heterostructures under ambient conditions in aqueous media.

Introduction: An essential component of any profession is competent and confident staff. In palliative care, a wellrounded approach and versatile knowledge of staff and students are of great importance. Measuring these competencies is very important for the development of palliative care and health care. Methods: Measurement of competencies in palliative care by analyzing existing instruments and questions in palliative care. Process of developing a new instrument for measurement of competencies in palliative care PALCOM, using cross-sectional methodology with nurses from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Results: The results are presenting findings of research done with nurses from BIH using two main variables: Years of work experience and level of education of the participants. Main difference is between the two competencies: Pain assessment and management, education, and care for the patient’s family regarding the level of education. Conclusion: The need for measuring competencies is evident in the daily evolution of palliative care, community-based palliative care, hospice care, and subspecialized palliative care. There is no questionnaire that can measure all competencies, but the use of the general competencies in the PALCOM questionnaire can cover this area with the measurement of different domains and the competencies specific to these domains.

Background Iron deficiency in athletes is initially treated with a nutritional intervention. If negative iron balance persists, oral iron supplementation (OIS) can be used. Despite the recent proposal for a refinement of treatment strategies for iron-deficient athletes, there is no general consensus regarding the actual efficiency, dosage, or optimal regimen of OIS. Objective The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate to what extent OIS affects blood iron parameters and physical performance in healthy adult athletes. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane were searched from inception to 2 November 2022. Articles were eligible if they satisfied the following criteria: recruited subjects were healthy, adult and physically active individuals, who used exclusively OIS, irrespective of sex and sports discipline. Exclusion criteria: simultaneous supplementation with iron and any other micronutrient(s), intravenous iron supplementation or recent exposure to altitude acclimatisation. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed with the PEDro scale, the completeness of intervention reporting with the TIDieR scale, while the GRADE scale was used for quality of evidence synthesis. The present study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO online registry (ID: CRD42022330230). Results From 638 articles identified through the search, 13 studies (n = 449) were included in the quantitative synthesis. When compared to the control group, the results demonstrated that OIS increases serum ferritin (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.27, 95% CI 0.44–2.10, p = 0.006), whereas blood haemoglobin (SMD = 1.31, 95% CI − 0.29 to 2.93, p = 0.099), serum transferrin receptor concentration (SMD = − 0.74, 95% CI − 1.89 to 0.41, p = 0.133), and transferrin saturation (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI − 0.84 to 2.22, p = 0.330) remained unaltered. Following OIS, a trend of small positive effect on VO2max (SMD = 0.49, 95% CI − 0.09 to 1.07, p = 0.086) was observed in young healthy athletes. The quality of evidence for all outcomes ranged from moderate to low. Conclusions Increase in serum ferritin concentration after OIS was evident in subjects with initial pre-supplementation serum ferritin concentration ≤ 12 µg/l, while only minimal, if any effect, was observed in subjects with higher pre-supplementation serum ferritin concentration. The doses of OIS, that induced a beneficial effect on hematological parameters differed from 16 to 100 mg of elementary iron daily, over the period between 6 and 8 weeks. Shorter supplementation protocols have been shown to be ineffective. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-024-01992-8.

The Ozren ophiolite complex (OOC) of the Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt is one of the six ophiolite complexes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper deals with the mineral chemistry of amphiboles determined by electron probe micro-analysis and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The detected amphibole generations and types in mafic, ultramafic, and metamorphic rocks suggest a polystage evolution and are therefore useful petrogenetic indicators of the investigated OOC. Most gabbroic rocks and dolerites contain primary magmatic amphibole1 (magnesio-hornblende to pargasite, occasionally hastingsite) and prismatic to needle-like aggregates of late magmatic amphibole2 (magnesio-hornblende), while plagiogranite contains ferri-winchite and ferro-ferri-winchite as primary magmatic amphibole. Post-magmatic amphiboles were detected in dolerites, troctolites, and lesser in peridotites. The Na-(Ti)-rich amphibole3 (ferri-winchite and ferro-ferri-winchite to katophorite and ferri-katophorite) with amphibole4 (grunerite) rim formed along the grain boundaries of clinopyroxene, amphibole1, and plagioclase in dolerites. A part of these amphiboles grows into amphibole1, 2. Kaersutite to ferri-kaersutite, associated with phlogopite, occur in troctolites and dunites, while Mhbl was detected in harzburgite. The ultramafic rocks (lherzolites, harzburgites, and dunites) and the gabbroic layer are crosscut by clinopyroxene–plagioclase gabbroic and clinopyroxene–plagioclase–amphibole gabbro–dolerite dykes, suggesting ‘dry’ and ‘hydrated’ percolating melts generated in inferred subridge and supra-subduction settings, respectively. The amphibole3 and 4 in gabbros and dolerites and similar amphibole types in ultramafic rocks could be related to inferred arc-type basaltic and plagiogranitic percolating melts and fluids. Low-Al amphibole5 (tremolite and actinolite) and associated chlorite, albite, and clinozoisite represent the ocean-floor alterations in mafic rocks. Amphibole6 (magnesio-hornblende to pargasite) was identified in metamorphic sole amphibolites. Micro-Raman spectroscopy provided typical Raman spectra for the studied amphiboles, highlighting distinct features such as bands related to CMg content, CFe3+ presence, TO4 ring-breathing mode, TiO6 stretching mode, presence > 0.3 apfu of CTi, and TO4 stretching indicating CFe2+ in the structure. Applied amphibole geothermobarometry revealed the formation P–T conditions of amphibole (Amp)1 (avg. 863 °C at 0.23 GPa), Amp2 (avg. 747 °C at 0.17 GPa), Amp in the mantle rocks (avg. 853 °C at 0.64 GPa), Amp5 (avg. 349 °C at 0.03 GPa), and Amp6 (avg. 694 °C at 0.46 GPa).

The value of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in eligible tandem lesion patients undergoing endovascular treatment (EVT) is unknown. We investigated treatment effect heterogeneity of EVT + IVT versus EVT‐only in tandem lesion patients. Additional analyses were performed for patients undergoing emergent internal carotid artery (ICA) stenting.

Abstract Childhood stunting is a global phenomenon affecting more than 149 million children under the age of 5 worldwide. Exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) in utero, during breastfeeding, and consumption of contaminated food affect the gut microbiome, resulting in intestinal dysfunction and potentially contributing to stunting. This review explores the potential relationship between AF exposure, environmental enteropathy and childhood stunting. AFs bind to DNA, disrupt protein synthesis and elicit environmental enteropathy (EE). An EE alters the structure of intestinal epithelial cells, impairs nutrient uptake and leads to malabsorption. This article proposes possible intervention strategies for researchers and policymakers to reduce AF exposure, EE and childhood stunting, such as exposure reduction, the implementation of good agricultural practices, dietary diversification and improving environmental water sanitation and hygiene.

Introduction: Industrialization and urbanization led to a significant increase in the environment. Lead inhibits the activity of numerous enzymes, triggers oxidative stress, and causes protein biosynthesis dysregulation. Inhalation of lead particles is the most common route of intoxication associated with occupational exposure. This study aims to evaluate laboratory methods and biomarkers in the assessment of lead exposure. Methods: For non-experimental qualitative research, available scientific articles in English published in the relevant databases (MEDLINE and ScienceDirect) were used. The database search was performed using the keywords “Laboratory diagnostics”, “occupational exposure”, and “lead”. Results: Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is the gold standard in laboratory monitoring of occupational lead exposure. Inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry is a commonly used method described as more sensitive than AAS due to its low detection limit. Lead concentrations can be determined in various samples, but blood and urine are the most commonly used in laboratory practice. The most important exposure biomarker is the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the blood, which is characterized by progressive inactivation by lead and a negative correlation with its concentration. The concentration of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA-U) reflects the state of impaired enzyme function in heme biosynthesis. In addition, determining blood zinc protoporphyrin and urinary coproporphyrin levels significantly aids in assessing occupational lead exposure disorders. Conclusion: The availability of the laboratory methods used and the biomarker specificity and sensitivity play an important role in the adequacy of lead exposure monitoring. Accurate determination of ALAD and δ-ALA-U concentrations, along with other biomarkers, is critical for assessing individuals exposed to lead.

Introduction: Most foodborne illnesses can be prevented by proper food preparation. The estimated prevalence of these diseases is 300-350 times higher than the data available today, which represents only the “tip of the iceberg.” Although restaurants are cited as the most common sites for food poisoning, these cases are three times more likely to occur in households. Therefore, assessing food consumer knowledge and practices provides a basis for formulating and designing programs to promote food safety in households. Methods: Representatives of 384 households in six urban and rural municipalities in Sarajevo Canton participated in the survey. A previously designed and validated household food safety questionnaire was used to explore the knowledge and practices of the population regarding household food safety. Respondents’ knowledge and practices were assessed by the score they achieved, with one point awarded for each correct answer. The range of scores for knowledge and practices was divided into quartiles. The Chi-square test was used to examine whether there was a difference between expected and observed scores in one or more categories in contingency tables. Results: In the assessment of food safety knowledge, 62% of the respondents had good knowledge, 33.1% had average knowledge, and 4.9% had poor knowledge. The results showed that 59.4% of the respondents had average practices and 22.4% had poor practices regarding food safety in their households. It was confirmed that various socioeconomic factors had a significant influence on consumers’ knowledge and practice regarding food safety in their households (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Nowadays, the topic of food safety is rarely discussed in households, and the public is not aware of the risks they face. Urgent action should be taken to raise collective awareness of the importance of household food safety to public health.

Introduction: The introduction of hybrid imaging systems such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) has completely changed the scanning procedure of conventional diagnostic nuclear medicine protocols. Modern bone scintigraphy protocols include SUV quanitification and Whole Body (WB) SPECT/CT scanning modality. The major limitation of these new technologies is relatively long scanning time. New detector systems with modern reconstruction softwares have been developed for fast scanning SPECT protocolos. These new technologies can produce images of reduced acquisition with same quality as full scanning acquisition. As a result new studies suggest that planar WB scintigraphy should be replaced with WB SPECT/CT. Methods: One hundred oncology patients performed SPECT/CT as a part as their clinical follow-up. Three different scanning and three reconstruction protocols have been evaluated. Two nuclear medicine physicians evaluated with Likert scale image sharpness, lesion visibility, and lesion background detectability. The overall image quality was determined as the sum of these three parameters. Results: In terms of scan duration reduction on image quality, Volumetrix Evolution for Bone performed during ultra-fast SPECT acquisition achieved the highest score, which is superior compared to the standard SPECT acquisition protocol. The overall image quality was the best with the Volumetrix MI Evolution for Bone protocol for ultra-fast acquisition Conclusion: The Evolution for Bone protocol for ultra-fast acquisition showed best results compared to other protocols. The adoption of new acquisition SPECT protocol may offer more comfortable exams, resulting in higher patient satisfaction. The implementation of this new protocol can lead to an improvement in SPECT sensitivity, primarily due to the reduction of SPECT motion artifacts.

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are the most common work-related disorders and describe a wide range of degenerative and inflammatory states that affect blood vessels, peripheral nerves, bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Healthcare as a special sector has almost the highest prevalence of WRMSDs in the world, far ahead of construction, mining, and manufacturing. Studies conducted in the EU and the USA indicate that health-care professionals most often have a problem with the lower back between 50% and 57% of cases, resulting in an average loss of more than 7 working days during 1 year. Methods: This study included 177 health professionals of both genders who are actively involved in the provision of health-care services. The study was conducted in the Public Health Center of Sarajevo Canton, which provides primary and specialist consultative healthcare services. The study was designed as a prospective, longitudinal, interventional, and descriptive-analytical that included all respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The instruments used in the study are the standardized Dutch Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire, modified according to our study, the standardized work ability index, and the ergonomic intervention program (EIP). Results: The highest frequency of work-related MKDs in health-care professionals before and after implementation of the EIP was in the neck area (83.1% before, 64.9% after), in the upper back region (71.8% before, 56.5 % after) and in the lower back region (68.4% before, 55.9% after). The average score of the working ability index before the introduction of the EIP was 35.44 ± 8.59, while after the implementation of the EIP it increased statistically significantly and amounted to 38.40 ± 7.30. Conclusion: The EIP influenced the reduction of the MKDs frequency caused by work, and increased the working capacity of health-care professionals.

Introduction: The complaints that occur in the area of the lumbar spine are summarized under the term lumbar pain syndrome. These include lumbar discopathy, lumbago, lumboischialgia, sciatica, and other complaints associated with the lumbar region of the spine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics, assess the degree of disability patients experience due to lumbar pain syndrome, evaluate how many patients catastrophize their pain, and assess the effectiveness of the dry needling technique along with other physical therapy modalities in people with lumbar pain syndrome. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective study conducted from March 2022 to June 2022. 35 subjects of both sexes, aged 25-83, agreed to participate in the study. The subjects who enrolled were pre-dominantly suffering from chronic lumbar pain syndrome, and there were also a smaller number of subjects with acute lumbar pain syndrome. Results: The majority of respondents suffer from lumbar pain syndrome, which falls into the chronic category in 29 or 82.9% of cases. The mean score after the application of therapy on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale was 22.0 ± 16.23% and was statistically significantly lower. The average score after the application of the therapy on the visual analog scale (VAS) was 3.06 ± 2.31 and is statistically significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to the period before the therapy. Conclusion: Dry needling in combination with standard physical procedures led to statistically significant improvements. The mean score on the pain catastrophe scale, VAS, and ODI was significantly lower than in the pre-therapy period.

Mass spectrometry is a crucial technology in numerous applications, but it places stringent requirements on the detector to achieve high resolution across a broad spectrum of ion masses. Low-dimensional nanostructures offer opportunities to tailor properties and achieve performance not reachable in bulk materials. Here, an array of sharp zinc oxide wires was directly grown on a 30 nm thin, free-standing silicon nitride nanomembrane to enhance its field emission (FE). The nanomembrane was subsequently used as a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector. When ionized biomolecules impinge on the backside of the surface-modified nanomembrane, the current—emitted from the wires on the membrane’s front side—is amplified by the supplied thermal energy, which allows for the detection of the ions. An extensive simulation framework was developed based on a combination of lateral heat diffusion in the nanomembrane, heat diffusion along the wires, and FE, including Schottky barrier lowering, to investigate the impact of wire length and diameter on the FE. Our theoretical model suggests a significant improvement in the overall FE response of the nanomembrane by growing wires on top. Specifically, long thin wires are ideal to enhance the magnitude of the FE signal and to shorten its duration for the fastest response simultaneously, which could facilitate the future application of detectors in mass spectrometry with properties improved by low-dimensional nanostructures.