UDK: 630*235: 632.95(497.6) Seedlings are produced by implementation of technical-technological procedures at specially prepared area which we call nurseries. With produced seedlings is additionally completed natural restoration of forests, forestation of bare lands, and plantations are established, melioration of degraded forest and brush-wood is conducted, eroded lands are repaired, etc. In the actual Registry of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are registered 11 nurseries which produce forest and horticultural seedlings. In their production program dominant are three conifer tree species: Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Black pine (Pinus nigra). Seedlings of broadleaves tree species in total production participate with only 2%. In nurseries is implemented the concept of integral protection of plants in the form of program which is consisted of combination of agrotechnical, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical measures. Chemical measures are based on the use of pesticides in integral protection of plants. Pesticides are organic and non-organic chemical compounds, as well as the products of living organisms which are used in agriculture and forestry for prevention of occurrence, control and suppression of caused of plant diseases, pest and weed, as well as for protection of agricultural and food products. Main goal of this research was to identify the quantity indicators of use of pesticides in production of seedlings of forest trees in forest nurseries in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research has covered three nurseries in Zenica-Doboj Canton and three nurseries in Central-Bosnia Canton. The research is related to the period from 2007 to 2011.

Radiation therapy is a standard treatment in the multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of head and neck carcinomas (HNC). The description and perception of the effects caused by the treatment in the normal tissues is important for the clinical evaluation of the patient because treatment is interrupted if the patient develops several acute side effects which directly affect their survival. This study involved 46 patients over 6 weeks of treatment and evaluated the observed acute effects of treatment in five different anatomical areas - skin, mucosa, salivary glands, pharynx /esophagus and larynx. This evaluation adopted the classification of the Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG). Data analysis revealed that the acute effects related to the RapidArc TM technique appeared earlier when compared to IMRT techniques. On the other hand, the IMRT technique showed more exacerbated high-grade effects.

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the structure, characteristics and significance of the relationship between physical fitness, BMI and WHR on one hand and hypertension of elderly men and women on the other. Methods: The sample consisted of 1288 participants (594 men and 694 women) who live in their own households in the cities and villages of Central, Eastern and South Serbia. After the obtained classification of participants based on arterial blood pressure, 231 patients with hypertension aged 60-80 years were selected. The subsample consisted of 138 male participants, while the subsample of women was 93 participants. Predictor variables consisted of 6 variables for the evaluation of physical fitness, Body mass index (BMI) and Waist-to Hip Ratio index (WHR). Criterion variables consisted of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Results: The results showed that there is a statistically significant correlation (p <0.05) between predictor variables and hypertension. Higher values of higher SBP in elderly men causes an increase in body weight due to increased body fat (BMI, WHR). In elderly women, these changes occur under the influence of increased body mass index and reduced CRF. Higher values of high DBP in elderly men cause more power and flexibility of the upper body and in elderly women greater strength in the arms and less strength in legs and CRF. Conclusions: Being overweight in both subsamples could be considered as a factor that contributes to high blood pressure. Izvleček Namen: Namen te študije je določiti strukturo, značilnosti in pomen razmerja med telesno pripravljenostjo, indeksom telesne mase (ITM) in indeksom pas-boki (IPB) na eni strani ter hipertenzijo pri starejših moških in ženskah na drugi strani. Metode: V vzorec je bilo vključenih 1288 udeležencev (594 moških in 694 žensk), ki živijo v lastnih gospodinjstvih v mestih in vaseh Osrednje, Vzhodne in Južne Srbije. Po prejeti klasifikaciji udeležencev, ki je temeljila na arterijskem krvnem tlaku, je bilo izbranih 231 bolnikov s hipertenzijo, starih od 60 do 80 let. Podvzorec je vključeval 138 moških udeležencev, medtem ko je bilo v podvzorec žensk vključenih 93 udeleženk. Neodvisne spremenljivke so bile sestavljene iz 6 spremenljivk za ocenjevaje telesne pripravljenosti, indeksa telesne mase (ITM) in indeksa pas-boki (IPB). Odvisne spremenljivke pa so bile sestavljene iz sistoličnega krvnega tlaka (SKT) in diastoličnega krvnega tlaka (DKT). Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da obstaja statistično pomembna povezava (p<0.05) med neodvisnimi spremenljivkami in hipertenzijo. Višje vrednosti zgornjega SKT pri starejših moških povzroči povečanje telesne teže zaradi povečane telesne maščobe (ITM, IPB). Pri starejših ženskah se te spremembe pojavijo pod vplivom povečanega indeksa telesne mase in zmanjšanih kardio-respiratornih sposobnosti. Višje vrednosti zgornjega DKT pri starejših moških povzročajo večjo moč in fleksibilnost zgornjega dela telesa, pri starejših ženskah pa več moči v rokah in manj v nogah ter slabše kardio-respiratorne sposobnosti. Zaključek: Pri obeh podvzorcih bi bila čezmerna teža lahko dejavnik, ki prispeva k visokemu krvnemu tlaku.

Abstract Background: In contrast to the rational (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ), spiritual intelligence (SQ) is often underestimated and insufficiently investigated. This type of intelligence refers to our approach to the issue of the meaning and value of life, in terms that our actions are placed in a wider context. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to investigate in which extent spiritual intelligence determines the decision making process. In this context, the success of business decision is assigned as its functionality as one of the most prominent feature of successful decision. Methods: The inductive method of building an expert system, i.e. a knowledge based system (Doctus Knowledge-Based Expert System Shell) and casebased concluding on the degree of informativeness (with a key impact on functionality of decision) of individual components (Case Based Reasoning) are used in testing this relationship. Results: The study demonstrates the fact that most of respondents (managers) have not been even familiar with attributes of SI as well as their relationship with decision making process. Conclusions: Identification of the most significant components of SI that affect effectiveness of decisions would allow managers to focus on those which mostly contribute to the functionality of their decisions.

Abstract The origin and history of the Ashkenazi Jewish population have long been of great interest, and advances in high-throughput genetic analysis have recently provided a new approach for investigating these topics. We and others have argued on the basis of genome-wide data that the Ashkenazi Jewish population derives its ancestry from a combination of sources tracing to both Europe and the Middle East. It has been claimed, however, through a reanalysis of some of our data, that a large part of the ancestry of the Ashkenazi population originates with the Khazars, a Turkic-speaking group that lived to the north of the Caucasus region ∼1,000 years ago. Because the Khazar population has left no obvious modern descendants that could enable a clear test for a contribution to Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, the Khazar hypothesis has been difficult to examine using genetics. Furthermore, because only limited genetic data have been available from the Caucasus region, and because these data have been concentrated in populations that are genetically close to populations from the Middle East, the attribution of any signal of Ashkenazi-Caucasus genetic similarity to Khazar ancestry rather than shared ancestral Middle Eastern ancestry has been problematic. Here, through integration of genotypes from newly collected samples with data from several of our past studies, we have assembled the largest data set available to date for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins. This data set contains genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 1,774 samples from 106 Jewish and non-Jewish populations that span the possible regions of potential Ashkenazi ancestry: Europe, the Middle East, and the region historically associated with the Khazar Khaganate. The data set includes 261 samples from 15 populations from the Caucasus region and the region directly to its north, samples that have not previously been included alongside Ashkenazi Jewish samples in genomic studies. Employing a variety of standard techniques for the analysis of population-genetic structure, we found that Ashkenazi Jews share the greatest genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations and, among non-Jewish populations, with groups from Europe and the Middle East. No particular similarity of Ashkenazi Jews to populations from the Caucasus is evident, particularly populations that most closely represent the Khazar region. Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic renal failure (CRF) represents a serious medical problem. Numerous studies have shown increased body mass index (BMI) as an independent risk factor when it comes to the occurrence and development of CRF. Material and methods: The sample in our prospective study presents a total of 150 patients: 30 for each CRF stage (stages I-IV) and 30 patients in the control group. This study did not include patients in the terminal stage of chronic renal failure (stage V), as well as patients with newly diagnosed diabetes. Body mass index–BMI was calculated using the formula BMI=weight/height2 (kg/m2). In accordance with the K/DOQI guidelines patients were divided into four CRF stages. Results: In our study there is a predominance of female patients. The mean age of patients was 55.43 years. Most of the patients had a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2. We did not find significant correlation between BMI and the development or CRF. Conclusions: We did not find correlation between increased body mass index (BMI) and the occurrence or development of CRF in persons without diabetes.

UDK 665.52:635.7]:632.38           632.38:633.71 Numerous studies have found that essential oils have significant inhibitory activity against human viruses, but there is scarce information on the effects of essential oils on plant viruses. In this study, effects of cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron (L.) L.), common myrtus (Myrtus communis L.) and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) essential oils were assayed against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by inoculation in different plant host systems. Antiphytoviral activity of the essential oils was determined by the half-leaf method using test plants: Chenopodium quinoa Willd., Cucumis sativus L. 'Cornishon' and Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Top Crop'. Results showed that investigated oils posess strong antiviral activities. Among tested oils, the highest and broadest acitivity was shown by winter savory essential oil. Evidence suggests that investigated essential oils are possible antiphytoviral agents.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pneumonia is the most serious inflammatory disease of the respiratory system and also the most common infectious disease. Even now, in the 21st century, pneumonia occupies a prominent place in clinical medicine and public health. We are confronted daily with the increased number of patients, as well as the constant increase in annual mortality due to this infectious disease. Goal: The goal was to investigate the prevalence and pneumonia characteristics as the most serious lower respiratory tract infection, the incidence of typical and atypical pneumonia, hospitalization duration of the patients at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University CCUS. Patients and Methods: From January 2011 until December 2012 the study involved 100 hospitalized patients with infections of the lower respiratory tract at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases CCUS. Results: Among the most common infections the pneumonia is highly represented. Lung X-Ray in two planes, by all protocols, demonstrated with the auscultatory finding has the highest value in the diagnosis of clinical pneumonieae. A statistically significant difference among our hospitalized patients, compared to typical and atypical pneumonia, is in favor of the first–typical bacterial pneumonia. Hospitalization duration ranges between 7-14 days. Conclusion: We believe that the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) should reduce the number of pneumonia caused by this bacterium. Recommendations for its use also come from the WHO. Until December 2012, WHO added 86 states in the PCV immunization as a part of their national immunization programs. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is safe and effective for the reduction in number of patients suffering from pneumonia caused by St. pneumoniae. In particular, the vaccine is a significant protection for children, who due to age and severity of the disease must remain under medical supervision. In elderly vaccine is important and useful as preventive measure, due to their biological characteristics and life circumstances which mark this group as vulnerable population, like the youngest, and can be fatal for them.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine used in panic disorders and other anxiety states. Target organ of Alprazolam is CNS, causing depression of respiration and consciousness. Aim: This study aimed to estimate the genotoxic potential of Alprazolam using Allium cepa test. Methods: Allium cepa is one of the most suitable plants for detecting different types of xenobiotics. The test enables the assessment of different genetic endpoints making possible damage to the DNA of humans to be predicted. Results: Alprazolam induced chromosomal (anaphase bridges, breaks, lagging and stickiness, abnormal spiralisation, multipolarity and polyploidy) and cytological aberrations, especially nuclear alterations (nuclear buds, fragmented nucleus and apoptotic bodies, cells without nucleus, binucleated and micronucleated cells), morphological alterations in shape and size of cells, spindle disturbance and polar deviation in root tip meristem cells of Allium cepa at all tested concentrations. Alprazolam also caused significant inhibition of mitotic index in these cells. Conclusion: These changes in cells are indicators of genotoxic potential of Alprazolam suggesting a need for further in vitro studies on animal and human lymphocytes as well as in vivo studies.

Introduction: Gastric cancer is one of the most common tumors in humans and is on the 14th place by frequency in the United States and it is at the 8th place by the mortality rate. In the world it takes seventh place by incidence. Today prevail the opinion and the surveys show, that it is twice as common in men as compared to women. Although there are advancements in diagnostics it must be noted that gastric cancer is still discovered late and when it already has metastasized, so that the therapeutic approach is limited and low survival rate. Patients and Methods: The study was retrospective-prospective, which covered the period from 2011 to 2012 and was performed at the Clinic of Gastroenterohepatology, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University. The study included 50 patients with gastric cancer, 34 men and 16 women. All patients underwent gastroscopy and according to tumor lesions localization divided into 3 regions: cardia, corpus and antropyloric region. Tumor lesions were biopted with histologically confirmation of gastric wall cancer. All patients underwent CT of gastric wall, CT of the abdomen and in some cases EUS was performed also. Goal: To prove by available diagnostic methods (endoscopy, CT and EUS) the presence of gastric cancer, histologically validate it and determine localization according to regions. To determine by CT the thickness of the stomach wall or the penetration of tumor lesions, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes and possible metastases. Record by EUS the progression of malignant processes in depth to layers of the wall, surrounding tissue metastases and enlarged lymph nodes. Determine the correlation between the measured parameters. Results: Our study showed that the localization of tumors at the cardia was represented in 15.31%, corpus in 17.36% and antropyloric region 16.33%. Median age he was 65.5 years with a standard deviation of 11.04. We failed to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in verified findings by EUS and age as well as endoscopic findings and age. Also there is no statistically significant difference between the CT scan and endoscopy XT = 5.99 and α = 0.05 = 0.63 XE, XE XT) and endoscopic findings and age (XT = 3.84 at α = 0.01, = 0.01 XE, XE> XT). Conclusion: Our study showed that gastric cancer are more common in men than women, metastases were more common in the elderly population, there were no significant deviations from the endoscopic findings and CT findings. EUS was performed in a small number of patients and showed as a good method because it gave accurate information about the penetration depth. Endoscopy, EUS and CT are ideal methods in diagnostic and staging of gastric cancer before the surgery.