UDK: 582.475:582.728.4(497.6)            630*44:582.475(497.6) In terms of the health status, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, European silver fir (Abies alba) is currently most threatened by the white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis). Along with drought and pollution, white mistletoe infestation plays an important role in silver fir decline. The aim of this research was to determine the intensity of infestation of European silver fir trees by the white mistletoe. In order to realize the defined aim, two compartments were chosen in the area of Forest Management Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton and Forestry Office “Olovo” where the analysis of the presence of mistletoe was conducted. In total, 451 fir trees were examined and an assessment of the intensity of infested trees was carried out by implementation of Hawksworth Index of Infestation. According to the results conducted by the research, it was determined that the intensity of infestation of European fir stands differed according to the thirds of crown of the tree. Significant differences were also found in the severity of mistletoe intensity on trees of host trees within the diameter classes. A large number of mistletoe shrubs further deplete the host tree, making it more susceptible to secondary attacks by harmful insects and pathogens.

UDK 582.475:502.131.1(497.6) Adoption and implementation of sustainable biodiversity conservation policy is essential for sustaining natural resources. But development of effective strategies to achieve them is problematic. This is often the case due to the limited knowledge about the impact of biodiversity conservation policies on livelihood of local people. This study uses dichotomous choice format to assess cost and willingness to engage in the conservation of an endemic species – Picea omorica (Pančić) Purk.in Bosnia Herzegovina. The empirical data was generated from sites in the vicinity of Srebrenica, north east Bosnia and Herzegovina. The data was analyzed with the aid of the logit regression model. The study showed that the respondents’ mean willingness to pay per year to conserve the pine was 1.4 percent of their income from non-timber forest products. The decision to conserve Picea omorica was influenced by factors such as cost associated with conservation, income from non-timber forest products, the distance of the respondent’s residence to the site location, education and occupation.

BACKGROUND/AIM Early detection of left ventricle (LV) systolic dysfunction could be a clue for surgical treatment in patients with significant aortic stenosis (AS). Therefore, we evaluated LV peak of global longitudinal strain (PGLS) using speckle tracking imaging at rest and during low-dose dobutamine infusion in asymptomatic patients with moderate and severe AS and preserved LV ejection fraction (EF). METHODS All the patients underwent coronary angiography and had no obstructive coronary disease (defined as having no stenosis greater than 50% in diameter). The patients were divided into two groups: above and below median of 0.785 cm2 aortic valve area (AVA). PGLS was measured from acquired apical 4-chamber and 2-chamber cine loops using a EchoPac PC-workstation at rest and during 5 microg/kg/min, 10 microg/kg/min, and 20 microg/kg/min dobutamine infusion, respectively. The global strain was the average of segment strains from the apical views. RESULTS A total of 62 patients with moderate and severe AS (AVA < = 1.5 cm2), the mean age 66.12 +/- 9.91, (57.14% males), were enrolled in this prospective study. At rest, mean gradient was 43.57 +/- 0.29 mmHg and mean EF was 72.24 +/- 0.45%. When divided according to median AVA, both groups had decreased average PGLS at rest (-9.33 +/- 4.46% vs -8.95 +/- 3.08%; p = ns). During dobutamine both groups increased their average PGLS, but only the group with AVA > median reached the statistical significance (- 8.71 +/- 2.68% vs -11.93 +/- 3.74%, p = 0.002). In addition, PGLS increase was also significant in 4-chamber view in the patients with AVA above median, but only when comparing baseline to peak 20 microg/kg/min (-10.72 +/- 3.07% vs -13.14 +/- 4.79%; p = 0.034). Conversely, in both groups the increase of PGLS in 2-chamber view did not reach significance. CONCLUSION Two-dimensional strain speckle tracking analysis of myocardial deformation with measurement of peak systolic strain during dobutamine infusion is a feasible and accurate method to determine myocardial longitudinal systolic function and contractile reserve and may contribute to clinical decision making in patients with significant AS.

ABSTRACT The study is designed to evaluate the influence of remifentanil/propofol anesthesia on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurrence and respiratory support (RS) time after major cardiac surgery. Material and methods: In retrospective-prospective study we investigated the respiratory support time and VAP occurrence in group of 47 patients with remifentanil/propofol and 35 patients with fentanil/midazolam anesthesia after major cardiac surgery in period June 2009–December 2011. Groups are divided in subgroups depending of who underwent cardiac surgery with or without cardiopulmonary by pass (CPB). Results: The time of respiratory support (RS) was the shortest in remifentanil group without CPB (R/Off 63min ± 44.3 vs R/On 94min ± 49.2 p=0,22), but was longer in fentanil group (F/Off 142 min ± 102.2 vs F/On 212 min ± 102.2 p=0.0014). The duration of RS of ON pump remifentanil group was shorter than in ON pump fentanil group (R/On 94 min vs F/On 212 min p=0.0011). The time of RS of OFF pump remifentanil group was lower than in Off pump entangle group (R/Off 63min ± 44,3 vs F/Off 142min ± 102.2 p=0,021) with statistically significance. Ventilator–associated pneumonia was detected in 7 patients (8.5 %). Six patients (17.1%) were from entangle group and one patient (2.1%) from remifentanil group. The most common isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all patients and both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia in one patient. Conclusion: The remifentanil anesthesia regimen in cardiac surgery decreases length of respiratory support duration and can prevent development of VAP. The role of remifentanil anesthesia in preventing VAP, as one of the most important risk factor of in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery is still incompletely understood and should be investigated further.

Posao učitelja ili nastavnika kao profesionalca, odgajatelja, pedagoga i čovjeka, svakodnevno je podložan brojnim izazovima i preprekama tokom njegove karijere. Pojavom novih znanja i tehnologija, sam nastavnik je suprotstavljen sve težim izazovima u svom profesionalnom radu, jer se od njega očekuje da bude savremen, svestran i da ima povjerenje u sebe, a i prvenstveno u svoj profesionalni rad. Kako nauka i tehnologija napreduju, raste i znatiželja učenika, ne samo u oblasti iz nastavnih pred- meta, nego i iz svih područja, prvenstveno iz oblasti tehnologije i nauke, a i o životu uopšte. Ovaj napredak traži od nastavnika da i on napreduje i da bude savremen tj. da njegove nastavne metode budu na najnovijem standardu i da njegov pristup radu ne bude jednoličan i da ne zastarjeva. Da bi nastavnik bio siguran da je njegov profesionalni rad savremen, on može primjeniti brojne metode samostalnog provjeravanja i napredovanja. Jedan veoma efikasan način je putem akcionog istraživanja. Cilj ovog rada je da objasni pojam i značaj akcionog istraživanja u nastavi, faze i načine njegovog sprovođenja, te da kroz primjere demonstrira kakve prednosti nastavnik može putem njega ostvariti i kako mu ono može pomoći da napreduje i poboljša radnu praksu i pridijeliti mu ulogu učenika.

Abstract Background/purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate relationship between saliva flow rates, estrogen levels, and caries prevalence in female psychiatric patients under antipsychotic therapy. Materials and methods Sixty-one institutionalized psychiatric females (31 patients treated with chlorpromazine only and 30 patients treated with chlorpromazine and biperiden) were compared with 36 unmedicated healthy females. The unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate and serum estrogen were measured. Caries prevalence was recorded in terms of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT). Results The UWS flow rate in the control group was 0.35 ± 0.18 mL/min and the DMFT 18.8 ± 5.7. In comparison, UWS flow rates were 0.25 ± 0.15 mL/min (P = 0.003) and 0.07 ± 0.05 mL/min (P = 0.000) in patients on chlorpromazine and patients on chlorpromazine as well as biperiden, respectively, and DMFT values were 22.7 ± 4.6 (P = 0.003) and 26.5 ± 5.3 (P = 0.000), respectively. Patients on chlorpromazine with amenorrhea had reduced UWS flow rate and estrogen levels with respect to controls (P = 0.036; P = 0.000, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between UWS flow rate and DT, DMFT, number of used drugs and estrogen level. Conclusion It seems that chlorpromazine-induced hyposalivation included (apart from its antimuscarinic effect) a neuroendocrine effect which affected the estrogen levels.