Consider the difference equation where and the initial conditions are real numbers. We investigate the existence and nonexistence of the minimal period-two solution of this equation when it can be rewritten as the nonautonomous linear equation , where and the functions . We give some necessary and sufficient conditions for the equation to have a minimal period-two solution when .

U praksi ekstrakcije cvrsto – tecno posebnu primenu imaju unakrsni, protivstrujni i saržno protivstrujni tipovi ekstrakcije pa je i ovde njima posvecena pažnja. Ukazano je na osnovne operacione principe ovih tipova ekstrakcije. Razmatrana je ravnoteža u sistemu cvrsto – tecno za koju se pretpostavlja da se može svesti na trokomponentni sistem, pri cemu se dati sistem prikazuje u pravouglom dijagramu. Umesto složenih numerickih postupaka, koji u osnovi zahtevaju razvoj programa za elektronski racunar, ovde je prikazan jednostavan graficki postupak proracuna broja realnih stupnjeva koji se zasniva na primeni modifikovane metode Ponchon Savarita. Dati postupak je prikazan za slucaj jednostepenog kontakta kao i za slucajeve visestepenog unakrsnog i protivstrujnog kontakta. Selektovan je primer proracuna visestepene ekstrakcije cvrsto – tecno i na njemu prikazana primena i koriscenje opisanog grafickog postupka.

Introduction: Drug addiction is one of the most prominent problems in many countries in transition, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. Age limit of drug addiction is shifted to the younger age groups, especially is troubling the increase in number of injection drug users. Our study was aimed to investigate the habits, attitudes and practices related to drug use among young people from the area of Sarajevo city. We can still feel the effects of the war, among which are the most important life without closest relatives, banishment and various types of war and post-war trauma. Goals: To determine the frequency of substance abuse among adolescents; Identify potentially relevant biological, psychological and socio economic characteristics of the adolescents; To explore adolescents attitudes towards drug use; Examine the general level of knowledge of adolescents about drugs and their effects. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on randomized sample of 502 students in two primary and three secondary schools in Sarajevo and Gracanica. To study used survey method. Survey instrument was a self-made questionnaire with the research variables. The obtained data were processed by a computer and statistically correlated. The study is of combined, retrospective, prospective and transversal type. Results: To the question “How many times have you consumed cannabis in the last 30 days” about 6% of the respondents have tried once or twice, while 1.5% use it daily, ecstasy have tried one or two times 2.25%, while 0.5% have daily use. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that students at schools in Sarajevo consumed drugs 50% more than the children in Gracanica. Analyzing the age at which the subjects consumed the drug for the first time, we came to the conclusion that in the third year of high school only 8% of adolescents have tried any drugs before they turned 15 years. This percentage among eighth graders is about three times higher. Conclusion: Presented research results clearly suggest a strong contamination of the living environment of young people with different types of psychoactive substances. Offer of drugs is extensive and distribution network covers all the places where young people visits, including schools. It is clear that today’s teenagers sooner or later hear about drugs, see, get in touch with a “junkie” and have a chance to take the drugs if they want to. From our research, we found that the following factors: Marital status of parents, employment of parents, the number of family members, type of school and satisfaction with oneself are not crucial for the eventual drug use among young people. While, the biological status of the parents, educational status of parents, financial status of parents, the tendency of parents tobacco and alcohol use, adolescents’ attitude to parents, the harmony of relationships between parents, school performance, positive attitude toward the so-called light drugs, represent significant risk factors for adolescent populations.

Introduction: The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as “companies engaged in researching, developing, manufacturing and marketing of medicines and biological for human or veterinary use”. Besides its main role in improving human health, the US pharmaceutical industry represents one of the most critical, key decision makers’ lobbying prone and competitive sectors in the economy. The cost in the environment of very limited government price regulation remains one of the major problems fuelling aggregate health care cost inflation. Pharmaceuticals have created huge benefits for public health and economic productivity by the means of saving lives, increasing life expectancy, reducing illness related suffering, preventing surgeries and decreasing hospital stays. Purpose: The goal of this review paper is to show the present conditions and future trends of the pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. Methodology: This paper represents a thorough literature review of the multifaceted sources including: studies, books, peer reviewed journals, U.S. government sources (i.e. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, etc.). Discussion: In the thirty years pharmaceutical companies have consistently developed and launched new medicines, bringing hope to sick or – at risk patients. They also usually provide above the average financial returns for its shareholders. U.S. pharmaceutical companies had as their goal to discover blockbuster drugs. Blockbuster drugs are generally defined as drugs that solve medical problems common to hundreds of millions of people and, at the same time generate large sales increases and profits for the pharmaceutical companies. The main approach of these companies includes huge investments in research and development (R&D), innovation, marketing and sales. The trend analysis shows that for the most part the era of blockbuster drugs is nearing an end. Conclusion: Numerous blockbuster drugs will be coming off patent in the next few years, opening the way to generics and eliminating a major source of the industry’s profits. Still, there is plenty of room for improvement in the medications people take while there is no shortage of human suffering to alleviate. It is doubtful whether big pharmaceutical firms will be able to pursue these goals within the old model of developing exclusive new drugs that can be sold further in the future. In the past, medicines for the ailments that were never before addressed, like anti-cholesterol or anti-depression drugs were developed. Currently, and in the future, it is expected that only blockbuster modifications will be developed. This phenomenon is expected to create market saturation, which will significantly reduce profits. The business model that drove the major drug makers’ success is not working anymore. Pharmaceutical companies must create new ways and to bring new ideas. The survivors will be those that market strategies supported by innovative approaches and winning capabilities.

Introduction: Hemolytic disease of the newborn was first described in the medical literature 1609, when it was diagnosed in one French housewife. In 1932 Diamond and colleagues described the mutual relationship of fetal hydrops, jaundice, anemia and erythoblastosis, which was later called fetal erytroblastosis. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the strict sense is considered disease whose basis is accelerated immune destruction of fetal/child erythrocytes that are bound to IgG antibodies of maternal origin. These antibodies are directed against antigens of father’s origin, which are present in the fetal/children’s erythrocytes and that the mother’s immune system recognizes them as foreign antigens. Goal: The goal is that in the period from January 1st 2011 to October 23st 2013 determine the frequency of ABO and Rh D incompatibilities in our sample of pregnant women/mothers, and to underscore the importance of regular check of ABO Rh D negative pregnant women and application specific Rh D protection. Material and methods: In the General Hospital “Prim. Dr. Abdulah Nakas” in Sarajevo by retrospective study are followed several relevant variables. Immune alloantibodies were detected in vivo by indirect Coombs test (ICT) with serum mother and O test erythrocytes, by direct Coombs test (DCT) with erythrocytes of a newborn. Results: The total number of births ABO Rh D negative was 596 (14%) and ABO Rh D positive mothers 4261 (86%). Of the total number of Rh D negative mothers there was A Rh D: negative mothers 42%; O Rh D negative 33%; B Rh D: negative 17% and AB Rh D: negative 8%. Most of immune antibodies appear in mothers with O Rh D: negative blood type. The emergence of immune antibodies in the Rh D negative mothers was 1%, the appearance of ABO incompatibilities amounted to 2.3% of our sample. Conclusion: In order to reduce the occurrence of alloimmunization of the mother to erythrocyte antigens of the newborn that can lead to major complications in subsequent pregnancies of Rh D: negative mothers and HDN constant monitoring in order to prevent them is necessary. Prevention is essential because once immunized mother will remain immunized for life.

Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo represents a tertiary level of health care with more than 3,000 births during one year. The aim of this article is to present the operation of the birth room at the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics in 2012. Data were obtained on the basis of protocol of deliveries from the birth room. Material and Methods: Analyzed are the total number of births, the incidence of obstetric surgeries and other manual interventions. Results: Over the study period, there were a total of 3216 births, of which by Caesarean section was, completed 1115. The highest number of births was in September (n=305). The largest number of women who gave birth was nulliparous. Also among primiparous is performed the majority of cesarean sections (n=731). In the study period, multiple births were recorded in a total of 60 (59 twins, 1–triplets). Number of premature births was 370, and the perinatal mortality was 7.12 ‰. Number of newborn with birth weight below 2500g was 271. Among manual interventions in the delivery room mostly was used manual exploration of the uterus followed by the manual lysis of the placenta.

Electricity demand forecasting is one of the most important components in the power system analysis. Furthermore, it is difficult and complicated process to forecast energy consumption. This study deals with modeling of the electrical energy consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to forecast future consumption of electrical loads based on temperature variables using machine learning methods. We used three different  machine learning methods for analyzing short term forecasting. The methods were trained using historical load data, collected from JP Elektroprivreda electrical power utility in BiH, and also considering weather data which is known to have a big impact on the use of electric power. Comparing the results it was seen that prediction for 500 hours is pretty good in range from 92,92% for reactive power till 98.84% for active power. Four different parameters were analyzed mean absolute error, root mean squared error, relative absolute error and root relative square error. The best results for apparent power were gotten with linear regression and are presented as for mean absolute error 9.84, root mean squared error 13.62, relative absolute error 14.06%, root relative squared error 14.39%. It is also seen from the results that,  the short term power consumption can be predicted which is important for maintaining of the voltage at the consumer side.

The clinical utility of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels continues to evolve. PCT is regarded as a promising candidate marker for making a diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship in patients with systemic infections. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence for PCT in different infections and clinical settings, and to discuss the reliability of this marker when used with validated diagnostic algorithms.

Epileptic foci localization is a crucial step in planning surgical treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. The solution to this problem can be determined by the detection of the earliest time of seizure onset in electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. This study presents the application of support vector machine (SVM) for localization of the focus region at the epileptic seizure on the basis of EEG signals. used intracranial EEG recordings from patients suffering from pharmacoresistant focal-onset epilepsy. We have been investigating a localization of the focus region at the epileptic seizure based on SVM to detect the onset of seizure activity in EEG data. The SVM is trained on sets of intracranial EEG recordings from patients suffering from pharmacoresistant focal-onset epilepsy. The performance of SVM is measured by using accuracy obtained from a fit between the target value and network output. Our EEG based localization of the focus region at the epileptic seizure approach achieves 97.4% accuracy with using 10 fold cross validation. Therefore, our method can be successfully applied to localization of the epileptogenic foci.

The Goal: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of psychoactive substances (drugs) on the presence and frequency of oral Candida species and Candida dubliniensis. Materials and methods: For the purpose of achieving the set goals, we chose a sample. Sixty bed-ridden patients from the Institute for Alcoholism and Other Addictions in Sarajevo Canton, both males and females between 18 and 60 years of age, were included in the research and assigned to two different groups (alcohol addicts and opiate addicts). After extensive anamnesis and a clinical examination, samples of oral epithelia were taken for microbiological identification. Two confirmatory methods were used for the identification of Candida species: the blastesis test and cultivation in a chromatophilic medium (Chrom agar). A yeast assimilation test (API test) was used for the identification of non-albicans Candida. A separate test was used to identify Candida dubliniensis (PAL agar). Results: The results of the microbiological analysis confirmed the frequency of Candida albicans (43%) in psychoactive substance addicts, as well as an increase in non-albicans Candida regardless of the type of addiction (34%). The presence of Candida dubliniensis was proven in psychoactive substance addicts (23%) and it was confirmed that the frequency of bacterial adherence of Candida dubliniensis is directly proportional to the duration of the drug-addiction. Conclusion: The abuse of psychoactive substances has an effect on the frequency of albicans and non-albicans species of oral Candida. Based on the findings, we have concluded that psychoactive substances (opiates and alcohol) lead to an increase in oral Candida dubliniensis regardless of the type of addictions.

This paper focuses on the Asset Liability Model (ALM) with multistage stochastic model. The model is based on four assets with no transaction costs. The initial wealth is Wo should be invested wisely to meet the liability L at the end of the planned horizon H . the best possible decision is to keep the final wealth larger than liability L. Using excel solver we try to optimize solution as best possible decision that will at least meeting the liability L at the end of the terminal wealth. The optimization case was adopted from the book (Brandimarte, 2011, pp.754-758) which has been modified with four assets and with no transaction costs. In adapting the case, we added additional returns for extra 2 stocks, while returns for the initial stock and bond remain.

Objectives: To determine if Bosnia and Herzegovina healthcare system is prepared for influenza pandemic; and to indicate strengths and weaknesses in planed resolution of pandemic influenza in Bosnia and Herzegovina healthcare system. Methodology: Qualitative systematic review, comparing established elements of healthcare systems with WHO’s guidelines on pandemic preparedness. Critical evaluations of available findings on preparedness of healthcare system of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) compared in details to preparedness of healthcare system of United Kingdom (UK) but in certain elements with some other European countries. Results and Discussion: Analysis of preparedness plans of B&H and UK are presented in details, with comparison of B&H with eight other countries by WHO guidelines categories and phases of pandemic preparedness and contingency plans. Conclusions: Disregarding the obstacles in B&H health care system policy Bosnia and Herzegovina has preparedness plans, that are made based on WHO’s guidelines but unlike all other analyzed countries does not have contingency plan. This can be seen as strength while weaknesses of B&H’s healthcare system are: late forming of preparedness plan with poor implementation of set activities, and lack of contingency plan.

Electricity demand forecasting is one of the most important components in the power system analysis. Furthermore, it is difficult and complicated process to forecast energy consumption. This study deals with modeling of the electrical energy consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to forecast future consumption of electrical loads based on temperature variables using machine learning methods. We used three different  machine learning methods for analyzing short term forecasting. The methods were trained using historical load data, collected from JP Elektroprivreda electrical power utility in BiH, and also considering weather data which is known to have a big impact on the use of electric power. Comparing the results it was seen that prediction for 500 hours is pretty good in range from 92,92% for reactive power till 98.84% for active power. Four different parameters were analyzed mean absolute error, root mean squared error, relative absolute error and root relative square error. The best results for apparent power were gotten with linear regression and are presented as for mean absolute error 9.84, root mean squared error 13.62, relative absolute error 14.06%, root relative squared error 14.39%. It is also seen from the results that,  the short term power consumption can be predicted which is important for maintaining of the voltage at the consumer side.