Introduction: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is defined as a human cancerogen class A, due daily exposure is responsible for health hazards consider as almost equal as smoking of tobacco. Goal: Monitoring of exposure of school children to ETS as indicator of enforcement of ban of smoking in public places as tobacco control measure in the Federation of BiH. Methods: Analysis of surveys findings performed in the Federation of BiH in period 2008-2013, with particular focus on ETS exposure in school children. Results: A survey findings indicates decrease of exposure to ETS in school children ate home from 79.0% in 2008 to 62.1% in 2013, as well decrease of exposure to ETS in public places from 85.0% in 2008 to 59.8% in 2013. However, 65.8% of school children in the Federation of BiH are daily expose to ETS in school premises and only 54.6% of school children have been taught in school about health consequences of tobacco smoke. Over three quarter of school children or 80.1% are in favor of ban of smoking in public places. Conclusions: Exposure to ETS in school children considers as significant evidence for more efficient enforcement of tobacco control legislation in the Federation of BiH.

Introduction: Quitting tobacco use has many benefits for both individuals and society. For individuals, quitting of smoking provides immediate and long-term benefits to health. Higher levels of nicotine addiction and start smoking at a younger age are factors consider as strongly influence on quit smoking. Access to youth friendly quit lines increases a smoking cessation of school children. Goal: Monitoring of trends of age of initiation of smoking and current smoking cigarettes as good motivation for smoking cessation among school children in the Federation of BiH. Methods: Analysis of survey’s findings performed in the Federation of BiH in period 2008-2013, with particular focus on indicators of every smokers, currents smokers, start to smoke before age of ten, signs of smoking dependence and motivation for quitting smoking in school children. Surveys involves two-stage cluster sample design aimed to enroll students in grades 7, 8 and 9th of primary and 1th grade of secondary school. Results: A survey findings indicates ever cigarettes smokers decreases from 45.9% in 2008 to 43.2% in 2013, as well decreases of current cigarette smoking from 14.3% in 2008 to 12.7% in 2013, both boys and girls. However, survey data shows decrease of current smoking students who want to stop smoking now from 50.5% in 2008 to 45.8% in 2013. Conclusions: Collected data confirmed decreases of current cigarette smoking in school children in the Federation of BiH in period 2008-2013. Access to available smoking cessation services and quit lines for school children and youth considers should be a significant part of tobacco control measure in the Federation of BiH.

BACKGROUND Postoperative infection after posterior spondylodesis of thoracic and lumbal spine is the most common complication, and a reason for revision surgery. Aim of this work is to analyze rate of postoperative spine infections at our institution, and to determine eventual risk factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In our paper we analyze incidence of deep surgical infections after posterior spondylodesis, performed on our Spine department during last 5 years (September 1, 2008 - September 1, 2013). Including criteria were: posterior spondylodesis with transpedicular screws from Th1 to S2 due to different spine indications (injuries, degenerations, deformities, tumors), absence of local or general infection prior the index surgery, surgery performed by the same surgeon (MB). Excluding criteria were: needle procedures (kypho/vertebro-plasties, nerve root and faset blocades), anterior spine surgeries, cervical spine surgeries, and decompresive surgeries. RESULTS One hundred sixty five patients with 183 surgeries have been included in this study. Early surgical infection (within a month after the surgery) has appeared at five patients (2.7%). There have been no late surgical infections. Analyzing patients' charts, we have found that Meticillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have caused infections in two patients, while Clebisiela pneumoniae ESBL has caused infection in one patient. Those five patients with infections have had further risk factors: long preoperative hospitalization at four patients, polytrauma, diabetes and advanced age at one patient, each. Three patients with postoperative infection had completely non-titanium surface of implants, and other two had about 20% of non-titanium implant surface, although vast majority of surgeries have been performed by implants whose surface was completely titanium alloy. Infections have appeared between 10-30 postoperative days. In two patients where revision surgeries (debridement, drainage, antibiotic according the species) had been performed in two weeks after appearance of infection, infections have been cured. In three patients where revisions had been postponed for longer than two weeks, additional surgeries (removal of implants) were necessary for curing the infections. CONCLUSIONS This study presented that rate of infection, microbiological species and risk factors are similar to the other orthopedics procedures and other institutions. Early revision is preferable, since it effectively avoids implant removal.

We consider the following system of difference equations: xn+1=axn21+xn2+cyn, yn+1=byn21+yn2+dxn, n=0,1,… , where a, b, c, d are positive constants and x0,y0≥0 are initial conditions. This system has interesting dynamics and can have up to nine equilibrium points. The most complex and perhaps most interesting case is the case of nine equilibrium points, four of which are local attractors, four of which are saddle points, and one of which is a repeller. Using recent results of Kulenović and Merino we are able to characterize the basins of attractions of all local attractors and thus to describe the global dynamics of this system. This case can be considered as a two-dimensional version of the Allee effect for competitive systems. MSC:39A10, 39A30, 37G35.

Uvod. Infekcije urinarnog trakta (IUT) su poslije respiratornih, najcesce infekcije u djecjem uzrastu.Cilj rada je bio utvrditi ucestalost urinarnih infekcija, njihove etioloske i klinicke osobitosti kod djece u prvoj godini života, koja su hospitalizovana na Klinici za djecje bolesti tokom jednogodisnjeg perioda. Metode. Istraživanje je provedeno u periodu od 01.01.2010. do 31.12.2010. god. na Klinici za djecje bolesti Banja Luka. Analizirano je ukupno 126 pacijenata uzrasta 0–12 mjeseci kod kojih je verifikovana IUT. Svi pacijenti su podijeljeni u 4 starosne grupe (I: 0-28 dana života; II: 29 dana-3 mjeseca; III: 4-8 mjeseci; IV: 9-12 mjeseci). Ispitanici su podvrgnuti ispitivanjima koja su, zavisno od indikacija, obuhvatala laboratorijske i mikrobioloske testove, ultrazvuk abdomena i mikcionu cistouretrografiju. Rezultati. Djeca hospitalizovana zbog IUT u prvoj godini života ucestvuju u strukturi ukupnog hospitalnog morbiditeta sa 3,18%. Infekcije se cesce javljaju kod djecaka, sto je posebno izraženo u novorođenackom periodu, (79% djecaka prema 21% djevojcica). Infekciju po tipu akutnog pijelonefritisa imalo je 110 (87,3%) djece. Kod 50% dojencadi IUT se ispoljila u prva 3 mjeseca života, zatim od 4–8 mjeseca. Najcesci izolovan uropatogen je Escherichia coli (52,38%), oblik terapije parenteralni (96,03%), a ukupno trajanje terapije 8–10 dana. Na ultrazvucnom pregledu abdomena znake prosirenog pijelokanalnog sistema imalo je 31,75% djece. Od ucinjene 43 mikcione cistouretrografije vezikoureteralni refluks je nađen u 23,2% djece. Zakljucak. IUT su se najcesce javljale u prva 3 mjeseca života, po tipu akutnog pijelonefritisa sa nespecificnom simptomatologijom, cesce kod djecaka. Najcesci uropatogen je bila Escherichia coli, a nacin lijecenja parenteralni. Vezikoureteralni refluks je nađen kod 23,2% djece kod koje je ucinjena mikciona cistouretrografija.

We investigate global dynamics of the following systems of difference equations: {xn+1=b1xn2A1+yn2,yn+1=a2+c2yn2xn2,n=0,1,2,…, where the parameters b1, a2, A1, c2 are positive numbers and the initial condition y0 is an arbitrary nonnegative number and x0 is a positive number. We show that this system has rich dynamics which depends on the part of a parametric space. We find precisely the basins of attraction of all attractors including the points at ∞. MSC:39A10, 39A30, 37E99, 37D10.