Background and objectives: Melanocytic nevi are among the most common skin lesions, yet their relationship with the peripheral nervous system has remained understudied. Given the neural crest origin of melanocytes and Schwann cells, and the neurotrophic signaling capabilities of pigment cells, this study aimed to investigate the density of nerve fibers within nevi and assess how it varies with respect to histological subtype and anatomical location. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 nevi were analyzed, including junctional, compound, and intradermal types, distributed across the head, trunk, and limbs. Immunofluorescence staining for the pan-neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and for CGRP were performed and nerve fiber density was quantified. Statistical evaluation using two-way ANOVA revealed that both nevus type and anatomical site significantly influenced the degree of total innervation. Results: Junctional nevi demonstrated the highest total nerve fiber density, significantly exceeding that of compound and intradermal nevi. Likewise, nevi located on the head exhibited a significantly greater density of PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers compared to those on the trunk and limbs. No significant correlation was observed between nevus type and location, suggesting that both factors contribute independently to the differences in innervation. CGRP-positive innervation was uniform regardless of the histological type of nevus and anatomical location. Conclusions: These findings likely reflect the facts that junctional nevi reside at the dermo-epidermal junction, where nerve fibers are most abundant, while the skin of the head and neck is well known to be more richly innervated than other regions. In contrast, analysis of CGRP-positive fibers suggests that the heterogeneity detected with PGP 9.5 is primarily driven by other neuronal populations. The results support the hypothesis of a dynamic relationship between nevi and the peripheral nervous system, potentially mediated by neurotrophic factors. Understanding this interaction may provide insight into nevus biology, sensory symptoms reported in some lesions, and the evolving role of nerves in the tumor microenvironment.

Although autism has historically been conceptualized as a condition that emerges in early childhood1,2, many autistic people are diagnosed later in life3, 4–5. It is unknown whether earlier- and later-diagnosed autism have different developmental trajectories and genetic profiles. Using longitudinal data from four independent birth cohorts, we demonstrate that two different socioemotional and behavioural trajectories are associated with age at diagnosis. In independent cohorts of autistic individuals, common genetic variants account for approximately 11% of the variance in age at autism diagnosis, similar to the contribution of individual sociodemographic and clinical factors, which typically explain less than 15% of this variance. We further demonstrate that the polygenic architecture of autism can be broken down into two modestly genetically correlated (rg = 0.38, s.e. = 0.07) autism polygenic factors. One of these factors is associated with earlier autism diagnosis and lower social and communication abilities in early childhood, but is only moderately genetically correlated with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mental-health conditions. Conversely, the second factor is associated with later autism diagnosis and increased socioemotional and behavioural difficulties in adolescence, and has moderate to high positive genetic correlations with ADHD and mental-health conditions. These findings indicate that earlier- and later-diagnosed autism have different developmental trajectories and genetic profiles. Our findings have important implications for how we conceptualize autism and provide a model to explain some of the diversity found in autism. A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

The machinability of wood is an insufficiently researched problem that is mainly related to the machinability of metals. The machinability of a material is a technological property that expresses the ability to remove the maximum amount of crisps from the machined surface in the shortest possible time with satisfactory machining quality and the lowest possible cutting forces and tool wear. The quality and efficiency of the production process when milling solid wood is influenced by the following factors: type of wood, density and moisture content of the wood, temperatures and dimensions of the workpiece as well as the hardness and strength of the wood. The parameters of the milling mode, such as the main and auxiliary motion, the cutting force and power and the power of the drive unit, have a direct effect on the milling process and are related to the milling tool, i.e. the type and quality of the material from which it is made, the number of cutting edges, the geometry of the cutting edge and the sharpness of the tool. In this work, the influence of significant input parameters on the machinability of solid wood in flat peripheral milling is analysed as a function of the cutting force as an output parameter by planning an experiment. The experimental results are mathematically modelled with the aim of obtaining a mathematical model of the process of large-scale milling of solid wood, i.e. its parameters as a function of the cutting force. The results of the experimental part and the results of the models are analysed and compared in order to draw appropriate conclusions and

Sustainable nutrient management is critical for maintaining soil fertility, improving agricultural productivity and mitigating environmental impacts. This study evaluated the impact of Ireland's Nitrates Action Programme (NAP) on soil pH, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dynamics over a 12‐year period across four meso‐scale agricultural catchments. Using a spatially defined field‐scale sampling approach, trends in studied chemical soil parameters were assessed in response to changing agricultural practices and policy interventions. Results indicate a notable increase in optimal soil pH levels (21%), likely as a result of recent targeted advisory efforts. While overall median soil test P (STP) levels decreased by 0.5 mg/L, variability among catchments was evident, with one catchment showing a significant increase due to intensive poultry manure applications. Additionally, the proportion of P Index 1 soils increased by 9%, suggesting uneven P distribution and highlighting challenges in on‐farm nutrient management. Median soil test K (STK) increased by 17.6 mg/L, with notable gains in tillage and dairy enterprises, indicating shifts in nutrient application strategies. The study also identifies critical source areas (CSAs) of P losses, which decreased by 2%, aligning with NAP objectives. However, nearly 80% of soils remain of suboptimal fertility, particularly for P and pH, underscoring the need for targeted advisory efforts, improved nutrient planning and region‐specific management strategies. Findings provide key insights into how regulatory measures influence soil nutrient trends, informing future policies for sustainable nutrient management and environmental protection in Irish agriculture.

In this paper, the drainage of storm water from traffic roads is analysed by analysing the traditional method of drainage using a separate sewage system, and also by analysing the integral approach to the drainage of rainwater in the urban area. The research objectives for the treatment of the topic in this paper are set and processed for the needs of planning and development of the sewage system for the drainage of rainwater from roads in urban areas, as well as for the evaluation and ranking of conceptual solutions and the elaboration of plans for the general solution for the collection and drainage of surface water from roads. For relevant rain episodes, i.e. rainfall of appropriate duration and intensity, runoff coefficients and flows were considered and analysed according to the rational method, all for the purpose of obtaining data on the amount of rainwater entering the sewage system. According to the set research program, it was necessary to work on defining and establishing the amount of precipitation for the area that was the research polygon, and based on exact measurement data, the optimal transverse and longitudinal drops of the level of the road were determined in order to drain rainwater from the roads as efficiently and quickly as possible, within the framework of the rules that define this area.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has become a global epidemic in the past 2 decades. Cardiac troponin is a specific biomarker for detecting myocardial injury, particularly in the context of myocardial infarction (MI), where elevated levels are indicative of myocardial necrosis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between VD levels and troponin values in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit under suspicion of acute coronary syndrome, including comparisons with patients ultimately not diagnosed with ACS. This cross-sectional study included a group of 69 patients who were hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital under suspicion of acute coronary syndrome. The control consisted of patients without ACS. The content of VD-(25[OH]D) in blood plasma was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during June–August 2024. Blood samples were taken in tubes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulant. The tubes without anticoagulant were used for collecting blood for VD, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and lipid parameter measurement. A statistically significant difference in total cholesterol levels was observed between patients with angina pectoris and those with MI ( P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis also demonstrated a moderate negative correlation between VD levels and troponin values in patients diagnosed with MI ( P < 0.05), indicating that lower VD concentrations may be associated with greater myocardial injury. Based on the data obtained, the medical community is inclined to believe that correction of VD deficiency has great prognostic significance. Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to study in more detail the mechanisms of the negative effects of VD deficiency on the cardiovascular system.