Uvod. Pisanje predstavlja kompleksnu ljudsku sposobnost i ujedno nasjloženiji oblik jezicke delatnosti. Sam cin pisanja obuhvata znanje i vestinu pravilnog grafickog oblikovanja slova. Poremecaj u sticanju sposobnosti pisanja oznacava se terminom disgrafija. Osnovni simptomi disgrafije su lose oblikovana slova, necitak rukopis, pogresna velicina slova, nedovrsene reci, izostavljene reci, izlomljeni redovi. Pisanje se može procenjivati sa grafomotornog i lingvistickog aspekta. U fokusu ove studije jeste procena pisanja sa grafomotornog aspekta. Cilj nam je bio da na osnovu ocene zrelosti i kvaliteta rukopisa utvrdimo pojavu disgrafije kod dece mlađeg skolskog uzrasta. Metode. Procena pisanja izvrsena je pomocu: Skale za procenu zrelosti rukopisa i Skale za procenu disgraficnosti rukopisa. Istraživanjem su obuhvacena 234 ucenika treceg i cetvrtog razreda osnovnih skola „Sveti Sava“ i „Veselin Maslesa“ u Foci i 44 ucenika koja pohađaju ogranke ovih skola u naseljima Miljevina i Brod. Analizirani su uzorci rukopisa u tri modaliteta (diktat, prepis, samostalno pisanje). Na osnovu dobijenih podataka ocenjivani su zrelost i kvalitet rukopisa. Kod ocene kvaliteta, rukopisi su svrstani u cetiri kategorije: skladan, neskladan/tesko citljiv, disgrafican i izrazito disgrafican rukopis. Rezultati. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da 14,7% ispitanika ima infantilan rukopis. Disgrafija je identifikovana kod 12,2% ispitanika, dok je 8,3% ispitanika imalo neskladan rukopis. Pokazano je da se disgrafija znacajno vise ispoljava kod decaka nego kod devojcica. Istovremeno je utvrđen znacajno veci procenat disgrafija kod ispitanika ruralne nego urbane sredine. Zakljucak.Ispitivanje je pokazalo znacajan uticaj sredine i pola na pojavu disgrafije kod dece mlađeg skolskog uzrasta. Poređenje dobijenih rezultata sa rezultatima drugih autora ukazuje da se poslednjih godina povecao broj razvojnih disgrafija.

Uvod. Populacija muskaraca koji imaju seksualne odnose sa muskarcima (MSM) predstavlja posebno osjetljivu grupu za prenos HIV-a i drugih polno prenosivih infekcija.Vulnerabilnost se povecava usljed rizicnog ponasanja, marginalizovanja, stigmatizovanja kao i nedostupnosti zdravstveno-socijalne zastite. Cilj rada je bio da se procijeni prevalencija HIV-a i odabranih polno prenosivih infekcija te ispitaju znanje, stavovi i ponasanje u odnosu na HIV/ polno prenosive infekcije u MSM populaciji u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i da se dobijeni rezultati uporede sa istraživanjima iz 2008. i 2010. godine. Metode. Istraživanje je provedeno kao bio-bihejvioralna studija prevalencije u MSM populaciji. Obuhvacena su ukupno 333 ispitanika, u sest gradova Bosne i Hercegovine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu septembar – decembar 2012. godine, kroz dobrovoljno, anonimno i povjerljivo anketiranje. Nakon informisanog pristanka i obavljenog savjetovanja, uzet je bioloski materijal za laboratorijsko testiranje na HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C i sifilis. Rezultati. Istraživanje je pokazalo prisutnost rizicnog ponasanja u MSM populaciji: multipli partneri (prosjecno tri razlicita slucajna partnera u proteklih mjesec dana), nezasticeni seksualni odnosi (samo 20% ispitanika redovno koristi kondom sa stalnim partnerom, 37% sa slucajnim partnerom, 4,6% pri oralnom odnosu), seksualni odnosi pod uticajem alkohola (69,6% ispitanika) i droga (26,7% ispitanika) u poslednjih sest mjeseci, seksualni odnosi i sa ženskim osobama (45,5% ). Uprkos prisutnosti rizicnog ponasanja, 14,8% ispitanika smatra da rizik od prenosenja HIV-a ne postoji, a 41,3% da je nizak. Seroloska ispitivanja pokazuju i dalje nizak nivo HIV/polno prenosivih infekcija u MSM populaciji u BiH. Zakljucak. Iako postoji porast zastitnog seksualnog ponasanja i ucestalije HIV testiranje u odnosu na ranije periode, to nije dovoljno za održavanje niskog nivoa infekcije HIV/polno prenosivih infekcija. Dobijeni podaci pružaju osnovne smjernice za buduca istraživanja i formiranje preventivnih programa.

A costly search for food in subterranean rodents resulted in various adaptations improving their foraging success under given ecological conditions. In Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies, adaptations to local ecological conditions can promote speciation, which was recently supposed to occur even in sympatry at sites where two soil types of contrasting characteristics abut each other. Quantitative description of ecological conditions in such a site has been, nevertheless, missing. We measured characteristics of food supply and soil within 16 home ranges of blind mole rats Spalax galili in an area subdivided into two parts formed by basaltic soil and pale rendzina. We also mapped nine complete mole rat burrow systems to compare burrowing patterns between the soil types. Basaltic soil had a higher food supply and was harder than rendzina even under higher moisture content and lower bulk density. Population density of mole rats was five-times lower in rendzina, possibly due to the lower food supply and higher cover of Sarcopoterium shrubs which seem to be avoided by mole rats. A combination of food supply and soil parameters probably influences burrowing patterns resulting in shorter and more complex burrow systems in basaltic soil.

Oxidative stress is directly related to several diseases and symptoms, where antioxidant compounds, such as xanthenes, may become important in prevention and/or treatmant. Ten biologically active 9-aryl substituted 2, 6, 7-trihydroxyxanthen-3-one derivatives were synthesized using reliable one-pot synthesis and their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Some of the synthesized compounds were scanned for their antioxidant potency using electrochemical method cyclic voltammetry of immobilized microparticles. Substitution of hydrogen at the phenyl ring of 2, 6, 7-trihydroxy-9-phenylxanthen-3-one with an electron-donating group affected the reducing power of the compounds by lowering the biological oxidation potential. These results signify the importance of xanthen-3-one derivatives as antioxidant agents and their further biological evaluation.

The medicinal significance of Ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine (E) alkaloids. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual Ephedra species. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content (TAC), total phenolics content (TPC), and total flavonoids content (TFC) and determine their relationship in dry herb of Ephedra major, Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica, Ephedra monosperma, Ephedra fragilis, Ephedra foeminea, Ephedra alata, Ephedra altissima and Ephedra foliata. Nowadays, medicinal use of Ephedrae herba is limited, but the abuse of its psychostimulants is rising. In this study, TAC, TPC and TFC were determined using spectrophotometric methods. For the first time, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UPLC-UV) was used for separation and quantification of E-type alkaloids of various Ephedra species. The highest TPC and TFC were found in E. alata (53.3 ± 0.1 mg Gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, 2.8 mg quercetin equivalents/g dry weight, respectively). The total content of E and pseudoephedrine determined by UPLC-UV varied between 20.8 mg/g dry weight (E. distachya subsp. helvetica) and 34.7 mg/g dry weight (E. monosperma). The variable content and ratio between secondary metabolites determined in different Ephedra species reflects their metabolic activities. Utilization of UPLC-UV unveiled that this technique is sensitive, selective, and useful for separation and quantification of different alkaloids in complex biological matrixes. The limit of detection was 5 ng. Application of UPLC-UV can be recommended in quick analyses of E-type alkaloids in forensic medicine and quality control of pharmaceutical preparations.

Republic of Srpska cannot boast of its economic system ever since the onset of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis (2008) to this day. Global Economic and Financial Crisis has produced negative effects onto a small economy like the economy of the Republic of Srpska (RS). In times of such crisis, RS has been faced with high unemployment rate (44%), reduced industrial production, enormous public debt, high deficits and colossal illiquidity. It indicates that the Republic of Srpska is characterised by poor macroeconomic indicators. The fact that RS possesses rich and diverse natural resources, which should be a key factor in its present and future development, did not help the economic system of RS in any way. The industry has been designated as a major segment of development by a long-term strategy of socio-economic development. Such long-term strategy has not given any results in terms of positive rate of economic growth, nor even the slightest improvement of any of the macroeconomic indicators so far. Urgent transformation of the economic system of the Republic of Srpska and its adaptation to the global processes is more than necessary. This can be achieved by offering investors numerous benefits and opportunities for investment under very favourable conditions, particularly in the industries and sectors representing significant natural resources. First of all, it is believed that there is great potential for the development of agriculture; exceptionally favourable conditions for the development of thermal and hydro energy sector; numerous possibilities of providing energy from renewable sources; vast areas covered by forests, mining and mineral resources; great tourist potential, etc. The above listed items are the essential ones, although there are others, which can represent a good basis for development of the economic system. Transformation of the economic system of RS will depend on many factors, primarily, of globalization that has contributed to the huge increase in trade, as well as of modern communication technologies. Globalisation has both positive and negative aspects, but it has certainly brought significant changes. The developed world is the bearer of the globalization process and it made the best use of current global circumstances. The solution is in creation of economic and political integrations, being in a cause-effect relationship with the process of globalization. Economic system of the Republic of Srpska simply has to be included in the such integrations.

CONTEXTUALIZACAO A pratica de extensao na disciplina, realizada pelos alunos de Metodologia do Trabalho Cientifico, no primeiro Semestre de 2015, buscou agregar na formacao academica dos alunos o exercicio de ouvir as duvidas a respeito dos beneficios da Previdencia Social entre os estudantes dos primeiros periodos dos cursos oferecidos na unidade Barreiro, turno matutino. A meta estabelecida para o diagnostico foi de 40 estudantes, dos quais 35% dos entrevistados foram homens e 65% mulheres. Dos entrevistados, trinta e oito eram solteiros e dois casados. A maioria dos entrevistados estavam na faixa etaria de 17 a 21 anos, sendo que apenas dez tinha idade superior aos 21 anos de idade. O criterio adotado para a inclusao na pratica de extensao foi ser estudante do 1o Periodo dos cursos do Barreiro. Destes, 15% foram do curso de Enfermagem, 25% do curso de Engenharia Civil, 32% do curso de Engenharia de Producao e 28% do curso de Nutricao.