Significant role in how they played, and Jews Sephardim who came to Bosnia from Spain and Portugal in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It is those were the first owners of districts–Shop herbs or pharmacy. Along with them were developed and Muslim attars, who founded and attars marketplace in Sarajevo. Experience and knowledge in the domain of medicine and healing practiced by old Bosnian Sephardim been acquired for centuries, is now mainly found on the shelves.

Introduction: At the moment at Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, simultaneously exist two systems of teaching process, the old (pre-Bologna) and Bologna process. Goal: To show efficiency and justification of use of Bologna process at Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, through the prism of actual beneficiaries of this process, students, assessment of quality of medical education, and comparison of results of the teaching process evaluation between students studying according to the Bologna process and the old system. Materials and Methods: The study included period from 2012 to 2014, and had prospective character. Students of final (sixth) year were included, the last three generations of pre-Bologna, and three generations of the Bologna process, which completed their studies successfully. The study included 365 students (177 under the old system and 188 under the Bologna process), who had answered prepared questionnaire. Results: The presence of large number of female students, in both systems is significant. There were significant differences in opinion of students regarding the quality of space for administration and labor administration, informatization of the teaching process, the opinion of the objectivity of teachers in the assessment of the examination, and on-line access to their content. (p <0.05). Discussion: The Bologna process, with all its guidelines, was never to the maximum implemented in the teaching faculties, mostly because of the lack of funds and infrastructure that couldn’t fully comply with all the privileges of the Bologna process. Conclusion: Bologna process on this principle, has brought mediocrity, of which we have tried to escape. New school year, brings, and the new Bologna process, a new curriculum, a large number of new classes, systematization of the material, with simultaneous correction necessary in one hand in teaching, and in other hand in students themselves.

Introduction: A meta-analysis is a statistical and analytical method which combines and synthesizes different independent studies and integrates their results into one common result. Goal: Analysis of the journals “Medical Archives”, “Materia Socio Medica” and “Acta Informatica Medica”, which are located in the most eminent indexed databases of the biomedical milieu. Material and methods: The study has retrospective and descriptive character, and included the period of the calendar year 2014. Study included six editions of all three journals (total of 18 journals). Results: In this period was published a total of 291 articles (in the “Medical Archives” 110, “Materia Socio Medica” 97, and in “Acta Informatica Medica” 84). The largest number of articles was original articles. Small numbers have been published as professional, review articles and case reports. Clinical events were most common in the first two journals, while in the journal “Acta Informatica Medica” belonged to the field of medical informatics, as part of pre-clinical medical disciplines. Articles are usually required period of fifty to fifty nine days for review. Articles were received from four continents, mostly from Europe. The authors are most often from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, then Iran, Kosovo and Macedonia. Conclusion: The number of articles published each year is increasing, with greater participation of authors from different continents and abroad. Clinical medical disciplines are the most common, with the broader spectrum of topics and with a growing number of original articles. Greater support of the wider scientific community is needed for further development of all three of the aforementioned journals.

CORMACK ALLAN (1924-1998) Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, the son of George and Amelia, a civil service engineer and a teacher respectively, who had emigrated from Scotland to South Africa prior to World War I (1). At the University of Cape Town, South Africa, Cormack chose the field of engineering, but two years later he changed his major to physics, completing a baccalaureate of science in 1944. He remained at the University of Cape Town, completing a Master of Science degree in the field of crystallography in 1945. During the years that followed,Cormack became a lecturer in physics at the University of Cape Town and pursued graduate studies in the field of theoretical physics for two years at Cambridge University in England. In 1950 Cormack returned to South Africa from Cambridge and during this period he was asked to serve a sixmonth service as resident medical physicist in the radiology department in Cape Town, where he supervised the use of radioisotopes as well as the calibration of film badges used to measure hospital workers’ exposure to radiation. At Groote Schuur, Cormack witnessed first hand how radiation was being used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. Baffled by deficiencies in the technology used for such procedures, Cormack began a series of experiments and analyses, the results of which were two papers published separately between 1963 and 1964 in the Journal of Applied Physics . Between 1956 and 1964, most of his research in connection with the development of computerized axial tomography was conducted on his own time. Neither of his two Journal of Applied Physics papers met with significant response, despite the fact that they proved the feasibility of his method for producing images of heretofore non visible or barely visible cross sections of the human body. Hounsfield was independently coming to conclusions similar to Cormack’s, and developed the first CAT scanner as early as 1972. In 1979 Cormack and Hounsfield were awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for their joint, though independent, development of CAT scan theory and technology. Unlike previous Nobel recipients, neither Cormack nor Hounsfield held a doctorate in medicine or science; further, their discovery was awarded the prize only after the Nobel Assembly voted the first choice of the selection committee; and, finally, it was highly unusual that the two men had never met or worked together, yet had worked on the same invention concurrently. In 1990, as one of several scientists receiving the National Medal of Science, Cormack was recognized by President George Bush. Cormack is a member of the National Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a fellow of the American Physical Society. Cormack died of cancer in Massachusetts at age 74. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Mapungubwe for outstanding achievements as a scientist and for co-inventing the CT scanner.

“Medical Archives” was founded in 1947 as a professional journal of the “AssSociation of Physicians of Bosnia and Herzegovina”. First Editorial Board consists of academicians: Vladimir Cavka, Editor-in-Chief, Blagoje Kovacevic, Bogdan Zimonjic and Ibro Brkic, members of the Editorial Board. Till today in Editorial Boards of Medical Archives were included over 300 medical doctors from almost every medical disciplines and from all parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and also from abroad (1). During past was continuously has published 68 volumes of the journal, in average 4-6 issues per one volume. Last ten years journal is published bi-monthly. Till now in Medical Archives was published over 5000 articles. Most of them were original papers from all medical disciplines. “Medical Archives” is now indexed in the following databases: PubMed/MedLine (from 1972, abstracted in this bases more than 5.500 journals), PubMed Central (from 2013), and from the year 2009 in databases: Excerpta Medica/EMBASE, Scopus, Scirus, EBSCO, DOAJ, Index Copernicus, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research–GFMER, HINARI, ProQuest, NewJour, SCImago Journal & Country Rank, ISC Master List Journals, CrossRef, Google Scholar, Genamics JournalSeek, WorldCat, VINITI of RAS, Research Gate, Catalyst, ScopeMed, SafetyLit, BioinfoBank Library, PubGet, GetCited, CIRRIE, Kubon and Sagner OPAC. H index of the “Medical Archives” is 11 for 2013 (www.scimagojr.com), which represents the largest citation index journals of one journal in the biomedical field on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2), and since 2013, with full-text articles at PubMed Central (Figure 1) (the most prominent database of biomedical literature, which contains more than 4.5 million articles). Figure 1 “Medical Archives” in PubMed Central database During calendar year 2014 in Medical Archives was published 110 articles in 6 issues (3). The largest number of articles was original articles. Small number has been published as professional and review articles, and case reports. Each issue contained the texts such as: news, book reviews, in memoriam and guidelines (both professional and educational). In the journal “Medical Archives” number of articles published during last three years is approximately the same (Figure 2), between 100 and 120, but with statistically significant variations in article types (χ2=15.332). Figure 2 “Medical Archives” in the period 2012-2014 In the journal “Medical Archives” during the last three years were most common articles in the field of clinical medicine. There has been an upward trend in the number of articles in the field of preclinical medicine (Figure 3) but without significant difference in the observed period (χ2=7.761; p=0.185). Figure 3 Field in which are published articles in the journal “Medical Archives” in the period 2012-2014 From the clinical medical field over the past three years, in the journal “Medical Archives” were usually presented articles of general internal and surgical disciplines (Figure 4). There has been an increase in the number Article in the field of family medicine and dermatovenerology, but without statistically significant difference (χ2=27.847; p=0.064). Figure 4 Representation of clinical disciplines in the journal “Medical Archives” in the period 2012-2014 Preclinical medicine in the journal “Medical Archives” was most often represented by the articles in the field of pharmacology and biochemistry. In 2014, in the journal were present also articles in the field of medical informatics (Figure 5) but without significant differences between observed years (χ2=11.35; p=0.182). Figure 5 Representation of preclinical disciplines in the journal “Medical Archives” in the period 2012-2014 By exploring and analyzing the selected theme, the author of this Editorial came to the following conclusions (3, 4): The number of articles published each year is increasing, with a larger number of authors from many countries and four continents (usually Europe); Rejecting rate is more than 40 %; There is a trend to join forces in terms of regional cooperation when writing articles; The most common are the original articles; The areas of clinical medicine are still the most common in journals (number of articles in the field of radiology, gynecology and ophthalmology are increasing); Preclinical disciplines were most often represented within the articles in the field of medical informatics; Most reviewers of articles are from Bosnia and Herzegovina, but there is also a considerable number from abroad (from more than 20 countries); The most common period which is necessary for the review was between fifty and fifty nine days; Most authors are from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (more than 50 %) During 2014 we discovered only 3 cases of Plagiarism (one case from Bosnia and Herzegovina and two from Egypt) (3).

Introduction: More than three decades after recognition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States, the pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has dramatically changed the global burden of disease. Aim: The main goal of this research is retrospective analysis of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 28 HIV infected patients, who were diagnosed and treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases in University Clinical Center Tuzla in the period from 1996 until the end of 2013. Subjects and Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed using the medical records of 28 HIV-infected persons. Two rapid tests were used for HIV testing: OraQuick Advance test, Vikia HIV1/2, Elisa combo test, HIV RNA test. AIDS disease was determined by using the criteria from WHO. Results: Among a total of 28 HIV-infected persons, 23 (82.14%) were males and 5 (17.86%) were females, with the male: female ratio of 4,6:1. In terms of the transmission route, a large proportion of cases were infected through heterosexual contact 19 (67.86%). At the time of the first visit, 16 (57.15%) patients showed asymptomatic HIV infection, 4 (14.28%) HIV infection with symptoms other than the AIDS defining diseases, and 8 (28.57) had AIDS. At the time of first hospital visit, the CD4 + cells count ranged from 40 to 1795/µl (conducted in 19 patients), and mean value of CD4 + cells was 365,31/µl, and mean HIV RNA titer was 287 118 copies/ml³. Of 28 HIV-infected persons 39 cases of opportunistic diseases developed in 12 patients (42.9%). In terms of the frequency of opportunistic diseases, tuberculosis (12 cases, 42.9%). Among a total of 28 HIV-infected patients, 6 (21.4%) of them died. Conclusion: This study characterizes the epidemiological and clinical patterns of HIV–infected patients in Tuzla region of Bosnia and Herzegovina to accurately understand HIV infection/AIDS in our region, in the hope to contribute in the establishment of effective HIV guidelines in the Tuzla region of B&H in the future.

Introduction: The aortic valve replacement is a standard operating procedure in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Structure of patients undergoing surgery ranges from young population with isolated mitral valvular disease to the elderly population, which is in addition to the underlying disease additionally burdened with comorbidity. One of the most commonly present factors that further complicate the surgery is coronary heart disease that occurs in, almost, one third of patients with aortic stenosis. The aim is to compare the results of surgery for aortic valve replacement with or without coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Patients and Methods: From August 2008 to January 2013 in our center operated on 120 patients for aortic stenosis. Of this number, 75 were men and 45 women. The average age was 63.37 years (16-78). Isolated aortic valve replacement was performed in 89 patients and in 31 patients underwent aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery. Implanted 89 biological and 31 mechanical valves. Results: Patients with associated aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease were more expressed symptomatic symptoms preoperatively to patients with isolated aortic stenosis who were on average younger age. Intra-hospital morbidity and mortality was more pronounced in the group of patients with concomitant aortic valve replacement and coronary bypass surgery. Morbidity was recorded in 17 patients (14.3%) in both groups, while the mortality rate in both groups was 12 patients (10.1%). Conclusion: Evaluation of preoperative risk factors and comorbidity in patients with aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease contributes to a significant reduction in intraoperative and postoperative complications. Also, early diagnosis of associated coronary artery disease and aortic stenosis contributes to timely decision for surgery thus avoiding subsequent ischaemic changes and myocardial damage.

Goal: The goal of the research was to determine the efficacy of a fixed combination of tramadol and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the treatment of pain of patients with the advanced stage of cancer. Material and methods: A prospective study was conducted at the Center for Palliative Care, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from January 1st to December 31st 2013. A total of 353 patients who were treated with a fixed combination of tramadol and acetaminophen (37.5 mg and 325 mg) at the initial dosage 3x1 tablet (112.5 mg tramadol and 975 mg acetaminophen) for pain intensity 4, up to 4x2 tablets (300 mg of tramadol and 2600 mg paracetamol) for pain intensity 7 and 8. If the patient during previous day has two or more pain episodes that required a “rescue dose” of tramadol, increased was the dose of fixed combination tramadol and acetaminophen to a maximum of 8 tablets daily (300 mg of tramadol and 2600 mg paracetamol). Statistical analysis was performed by biomedical software MedCalc for Windows version 9.4.2.0. The difference was considered significant for P<0.05. Results: The average duration of treatment with a fixed combination tramadol and acetaminophen was 57 days (13-330 days). Already after 24 hours of treatment the average pain score was significantly lower (p<0.0001) compared to the admission day [5.00 (4:00 to 8:00) during the first days versus 2.00 (1:00 to 7:00) during the second day of treatment]. The average dose of the fixed combination tramadol and acetaminophen tablets was 4.8 ± 1.8 (180 mg of tramadol and 1560 mg paracetamol). Side effects, in the treatment of pain with a fixed combination tramadol and acetaminophen, were found in 29.18% of patients, with a predominance of nausea and vomiting. Conclusion: Fixed combination of tramadol and acetaminophen can be used as an effective combination in the treatment of chronic cancer pain, with frequent dose evaluation and mild side effects.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of acute life threatening respiratory failure. In daily practice there is difficulty in diagnostic and therapeutic management of Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We observed delay in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in patients with clinical signs for the presence of severe respiratory disorders. Finding timely evidence of the presence the clinical signs of threatening ARDS and underlying diseases like influenza A/H1N1 during prehospital period in early stage of disease it is possible introduce early adequate treatment: high flow oxygen, fluid replacement and pharmacological and antiviral therapy. This measure can reduce high mortality in patients who develop ARDS. It is important to improve diagnostic criteria for a precise definition of ARDS and transfer it in practice of emergency and family medicine, microbiology, intensive care units, hospital departments of infectious and respiratory diseases. In this article we underlined the key elements of the new definition of ARDS, diagnostic criteria and the importance of early diagnosis in prehospital period following clinical feature and course (a presence of severe dyspnea) by adding chest x-ray and laboratory investigations.