Abstract English is taught as a foreign language in elementary and high schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH). However, since the number of English classes per week is very limited they should be utilized in the best possible way to produce proficient users of English. Nowadays, when language proficiency is viewed as one’s ability to speak and write in the target language and not about it, the need for the proficiency evaluation in schools arises. The present study attempts to shed a spot of light on this issue, investigating two very common ways of assessing students’ knowledge in schools, namely tests and writing assignments. Hence, through the interviews with English teachers and the analysis of students’ tests and writing assignments, the current paper explores the ways in which these two measures are realized, the tasks they consist of, the type of linguistic knowledge they are used to evaluate, their levels of difficulty, and the type of corrective feedback teachers provide on both of them. The results suggest that teachers on both measure rather students’ explicit than their implicit knowledge, focusing much more on accuracy than fluency development.

Contemporary theoretical concepts in architecture are almost unimaginable without new perceptions of the importance of cultural identity. Today, this very sensitive question deserves careful attention, especially in small countries, in which transitional processes are still present. Importance of the architecture in this process is invaluable. Architecture visualizes values of a culture by its formal sensations. That characteristic guides us to perceive development and upgrade the cultural identity from two positions – through both the implications of place and time. In specific complexity the cultural identity of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created out of sources susceptible to the various influences as well as reshaped, embodying social awareness. In this context, an analytical model is constructed for the purpose of finding answers to burning questions in which way architecture and urban forms influence the shaping of the cultural identities of societies in transition and how this cultural identity becomes locally and globally sustainable.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Mixed-mode fracture in delamination test utilizing double cantilever specimens loaded with bending moments is investigated in the paper. FEM simulations are performed using cohesive zone model where different configurations of test loadings and two critical fracture energy values, ie. two fracture process zone lengths, are considered. Fracture energy partitioning is performed and fracture mode-mixity is determined using simulation results, i.e. mode I and mode II fracture parts in total fracture energy are calculated. The fracture mode-mixities numerically determined for different configurations are compared with results obtained using two analytical fracture energy partitioning theories, according to Williams and to Hutchinson and Suo. An excellent agreement between numerical and the analytical results is observed.</p>

The participation of transgenic Bt corn in the Brazilian production system is considerable compared to traditional cultures. However, little is known about the effect of this croop in microbial properties of soil. The aim of this work was to evaluate, the effect of Bt corn on the microbiota in different types of soils. For this, an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized factorial design (3x2) using of three types of A horizon (Brown Oxisol, Yellow Argisol, and Red Yellow Argisol) and two types of corn Bt transgenic and non-transgenic, with 6 replicates per treatment. They were analyzed dry weight of shoot and root dry matter, total density of bacteria, fungi, cellulolytic, amonifiers, P solubilizing, microbial biomass carbon, microbial activity, quotient metabolic, total extraradical mycelium length, percentage and intensity of mycorrhizal colonization and total number of spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The results showed low effect of Bt transgenic corn, except for density of bacteria and total extraradical mycelium length of the AMF, with decrease and increase respectively, and significant effects of different soil types on soil microbiota and its processes.

INTRODUCTION Use of intravenous heroin carries a risk of serious medical conditions, including acquiring blood-borne infections. Therefore, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represent a threat for people who inject drugs (PWID). The objectives of this study were to determine the extent and characteristics of risk factors for acquiring HBV and HCV infection in PWID included in opiate substitution treatment in the southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). METHODOLOGY The study included 120 adult PWID of both sexes who participated in opiate substitution treatment. All participants were interviewed, and their blood samples were tested for the presence of the surface hepatitis B virus antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV). Prevalence data were obtained and compared to the serological status. RESULTS HBsAg prevalence among PWID was 0.8% (1/120), whereas seroprevalence of anti-HCV was 52.5% (63/120). PWID exposed to risk-behavior factors (such as unsafe sexual activity, serving prison sentence, and tattooing) were more frequently anti-HCV positive. Sharing drug paraphernalia was found to be the most significant risk factor. The highest predictive values for acquiring HCV-infection were attributed to PWID who used heroin for more than three years and who were unmarried. CONCLUSIONS HBsAg prevalence among PWID is rare (0.8%), while HCV-infection (52.5%) presents an important health and social issue among PWID in B&H. Sharing drug paraphernalia and intravenous heroin use longer than three years were the most prominent risk-behavior factors among the patients we investigated.

The subject of this paper refers to the current obstacles to the development of women's entrepreneurship in B&H: namely, the obstacles arising from the impact of gender roles on women's entrepreneurship, barriers arising from missing entrepreneurial knowledge and skills, barriers relating to the source of capital and establishment procedures and the obstacles that result from inhibiting factors. The overall purpose of this research was to identify the scientific method and clarify the current obstacles to the development of women’s entrepreneurship in B&H, in order to be on the basis of research results identify concrete measures to reduce unemployment. In order to identify the key obstacles to the development of women entrepreneurship in B&H, the methodology is based on primary research, in which data are collected by the method of written tests using a structured questionnaire. Based on consultation with relevant theoretical sources and the empirical research, the main conclusion of this study is that access to finance and advisory services, entrepreneurial skills and administrative services are basic factors limiting the development of female entrepreneurship in B&H.