It is known today that psycho-trauma and PTSD cause different levels of mental and social dysfunction. Human spirituality and capacity to meet further life diffi culties become severely damaged. There is wide accepted attitude today that in holistic approach in process of healing PTSD and psycho-trauma is necessary to include other professionals from community resource regarding needs of trauma victims. In Bosnia and Herzegovina after very severe war (1992-1995) as mental health professionals, we are faced with increasing number of different mental health disorders as result of severe trauma experiences. Regarding community based care orientation it is necessary to include and religion professionals. According national and religious background of majority of our population in Tuzla Canton that is Muslim, we meet spiritual needs of our clients as needs for Islamic explanation of life and death meaning. Our clients need to talk about spiritual issues in daily therapy and to practice daily religious rituals. Regarding that in this paper we tried to interface Islamic principles and it’s benefi cial toward psycho-trauma and PTSD, as well as Muslim perspectives in attempt to apply spiritual practice in therapeutic tools for better effi cacy in spiritual healing of mental dysfunction’s of believers who survived severe trauma, especially war trauma. Review Article Spiritual and religious Islamic perspectives of healing of posttraumatic stress disorder Mevludin Hasanović*, Izet Pajević and Osman Sinanović Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, School of Medicine, University Tuzla, 75 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tuzla, Bosnia *Address for Correspondence: Mevludin Hasanović, Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center Tuzla, School of Medicine, University Tuzla, 75 000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tuzla, Email: hameaz@bih.net.ba Submitted: 12 September 2017 Approved: 22 September 2017 Published: 25 September 2017 Copyright: 2017 Hasanović M, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cette thèse traite de l'analyse limite des structures de châssis en acier, qui s'utilise souvent comme la structure principale de support des bâtiments. La structure du cadre en acier est caractérisée par une réponse très ductile et un grand potentiel pour dissiper l'énergie, ce qui est crucial pour la résistance par rapport aux tremblements de terre. La ductilité dans la réponse de la structure est la cause du comportement du matériau lui-même et du comportement des connexions entre les éléments de la structure. Les connexions entre les poutres et les poteaux peuvent influencer de manière significative la réponse de la structure du cadre en acier, parfois jusqu'à 30%. L'idée est de intégrer le comportement des connexions par les éléments de poutres qui seront situés dans les coins du cadre et la modélisation du reste serra fait avec des éléments de poutres non-linéaires qui décrirons le comportement des poutres en acier. Cette recherche est composée de deux parties. La première partie est consacrée au comportement des connexions structurelles, la deuxième partie présente le développement de l'élément fini du faisceau non linéaire capable de représenter le comportement ductile d'un élément de la structure en acier. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous définissons la procédure d'identification des paramètres constitutifs pour le modèle couplé de plasticité-dégâts avec dix-huit inconnus. Ce modèle constitutif est très robuste et capable de représenter une large gamme de problèmes. La procédure définie a été utilisée dans la préparation de tests expérimentaux pour trois types de connexions en acier structuré. Les tests expérimentaux ont été effectués pour deux cas de charge. Pour la première, la charge a été appliquée dans un sens avec les cycles de chargement et de déchargement. À partir des mesures expérimentales, nous avons conclu que le modèle de plasticité peut bien représentée le comportement de la connexion structurale. Paramètres constitutifs ont été déterminés à partir des résultats de l'expérimentation, on a utilisé une poutre géométriquement exacte avec la loi bilinéaires renforcement du matériel et la loi linéaire pour le ramollissement. Également, on a effectué des essais expérimentaux de deux types de raccords en acier en cas de chargement cyclique. Les données mesurées montrent que le modèle de la plasticité n'est pas assez bon pour décrire le comportement de connexion pour ce type de charge. A savoir, en raison de changements du sens de l'application du chargement, les connexions montrent moins de rigidité, qui peut être décrite avec un modèle constitutif de dommages. Pour cette raison, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle plasticité-dommages qui est capable d'inclure le phénomène mentionné ci-dessus. A la fin de cette section est faite l'identification des paramètres constitutifs. La deuxième partie de la thèse de doctorat est composé de formulations théoriques et la mise en œuvre numérique des faisceaux géométriquement exacte. La réponse de durcissement de la poutre comprend l'interaction entre les forces de la section résultant du stress (N, T et M), et la réponse de ramollissement est définit par la loi non linéaire. Ce type d'élément fini de poutre est capable de décrire le comportement ductile des structures en acier et inclure les effets du second ordre, qui sont très importantes pour l'analyse ultime des structures de cadre en acier. L'élément fini développé de poutre géométriquement exacte et les lois définies de liaison de comportement dans la construction en acier, offrant la possibilité d'une analyse de haute qualité des structures en acier. En utilisant les modèles de poutre proposé et la méthodologie de modélisation des structures de châssis en acier, il est possible de déterminer une distribution réaliste des forces de section transversale , y compris la redistribution due à la formation de rotules plastiques.

We report an extremely rare case of Turner syndrome mosaicism in a 30-year-old woman. At least 100 metaphases were observed and analyzed through GTG banding with over 550 band resolutions observed. G-banded chromosome analysis revealed a mosaic female karyotype involving 3 different cell lines. One cell line (90% of the analyzed metaphases) presented monosomy X, while 6% of the cells showed trisomy of chromosome 21 and 4% of the cells exhibited a normal female karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a locus-specific probe for trisomy 21 and CEP X for monosomy X substantiated the results obtained from karyotyping. Our patient had 2 natural pregnancies, both of which produced children with Down syndrome. In our patient, as is the case with other women with infertility, the necessary routine is cytogenetic analysis (together with genetic counseling). The same analysis can be helpful in implementing assisted reproductive techniques.

Plants activate an immune response in defense against microbial pathogens. The first layer of immunity consists in the recognition of microbial fingerprints, called Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP), by a set of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR). In addition, the degradation products from fungi, bacteria and plant cells are recognised as Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMP). The first layer of plant defence is based on Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) on the membrane. These receptors, either receptor kinases or receptor-like proteins (RLPs), associating with cytoplasmic kinases, recognize the presence of PAMPs, thus activating a local response named PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), that is not strong but effective towards many pathogen species. Here we discuss and focus on Elongation Factor Tu Receptors (EFR) and flagellin sensing (FLS) receptors. In leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor proteins, the hydrophobic LLR domains are exposed on external membranes, providing the protein-protein interaction modules. Plants evolved this protein-protein interaction domain several times during the development of mechanisms to defend themselves from viruses, virulence factors, enzymes and effectors of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Pathogens in addition evolved proteins and enzymes that are injected in the plant cell to counterfight plant immune signaling pathways. These effectors are recognised by plant receptors sensing their presence of their cognate avirulence genes. These receptors originated from recombination during evolution and only occur in some specific tomato genotypes, instead of the widely occurring PPRs. Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI) allows a plant response to effector proteins that is more strong, but is race specific. It leads to local necrosis and apoptosis, and to the establishment of the hypersensitive response (HR). For biotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens, necrosis is an effective way to limit their spread, while for necrotrophic pathogens this is not efficient and sufficient way to limit their spread, since depends on the timing of infection and on the plant development phase. Pathogenic fungi strategy relies on the formation of specialised structures, or haustoria, that facilitate the nutrient uptake form plant cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent knowledge on plant pathogens and the mechanisms they evolved to circumvent plant defences among which pathogen effectors, protein decoys inactivating plant defence signals. Effectors are recognised through their binding to plant proteins by means of plant receptors, that activate the Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI). In particular, we focus on the Solanaceae, discussing general mechanisms and specific pathways that confer resistance to various pathogens. There is an arm race between plants and fungal and bacterial pathogens that has led to new protein variants and protein decoys (pseudokinases, inhibitors and sponges blocking glucanases, and Transcription Activator Like Effectors). Advances in understanding the function of pathogen effectors will provide new ways to improve plant immunity and mechanisms of defence against their pests. Finally, we present possible combinations of interventions, from gene engineering to chemical priming, acting on signaling pathways regulated by jasmonate and salicylate hormones, to increase plant resistance and activate plant defences without affecting crop yields.

Turkey ranked third place in the world for chestnut production after China and Bolivia and the country has unique chestnut populations including valuable and diverse seed propagated chestnut genotypes. In this study, chestnuts (Castanea sativa) were collected during the 2016 harvest season from Northeastern part of Turkey from promising 12 different seedling origin genotypes. Tree growth habit, nut weight, kernel ratio, kernel color, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, dietary fiber, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity and fatty acid content of fruits belongs to 12 genotypes were determined. The results showed that, the majority of genotypes had semi upright tree growth habit. The nut weight and kernel ratio were between 5.05 g (K-10) and 10.10 g (K-5) and 71.10% (K-1) and 82.44% (K-3) among genotypes. The total crude fat content ranged from 0.87% (K-7) to 2.61% (K-1) while the crude protein ranged from 4.80% (K-7) to 7.65% (K-1). The dietary fiber content made up no more than 3.61% of the remaining portion of the kernel. It was found that total polyphenols was between 1.66 and 2.70 g GAE/kg and antioxidant activity was between 5.80 and 9.07 μmol Trolox equivalent/g dry weight basis. Oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in all chestnut fruits and followed by palmitic and linolenic acid. The results showed that there was enough variations among seed propagated chestnut genotypes for most of the searched parameters and this highlights the importance of conserving the genotypes, as their high levels of heterogeneity allow them to respond to abiotic and biotic stresses and adapt to low-input farming systems.