Introduction: Scoliosis is a spinal deformity that affects school-age children and adolescents the most. Excessive body weight, heavy school bags, improper sitting at school desks, and reduced physical activity are significant risk factors for the development of scoliosis in children. To prevent the occurrence of scoliosis of the spinal column, the focus of attention must be on early identification and education about scoliosis. The research aims to determine the presence of risk factors for scoliosis in sixth-grade elementary school students, assess knowledge about scoliosis of the spine, and determine whether the health system can respond. Research Method: From a total of 3.600 sixth-grade elementary school students in the Tuzla canton a cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 students using anthropometric measurements, full and empty school bag measurements, and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). Data on the health system was collected using a retrospective method. Discussion: Obesity was recorded in 21.14% of the respondents. Based on the results obtained, in 39.43% of the respondents, the ratio of the weight of a full school bag to body weight was equal to or greater than 10%. Almost one-third of the respondents felt pain/discomfort when carrying a school bag, which indicates that only 38.57% of children carry the bag correctly. 42.86% of the respondents have the wrong posture when sitting. Based on the results collected, 52.86% of the respondents do not play sports. The results show insufficient knowledge about scoliosis among both school-age children and parents/guardians. The health system of the Tuzla Canton can respond to the presence of the risk of spinal deformity with the available resources. Conclusion: The results of the study have shown the presence of risk factors for the development of scoliosis, a low level of knowledge about scoliosis, and the unwillingness of the health system to provide treatment and prevention services. Mandatory screening examinations and education of students, parents, and teachers are necessary.

Summary Explosive energy can be used in metal forming processes, e.g. for bulk forming, sheet forming and for other processes. This paper presents the experimental research and numerical modelling of the process of sphere deformation by explosive forming. The assembly for forming a sphere with a diameter of 210 mm was welded from flat segments and annealed after welding. The material of the sphere was steel St12 according to DIN 1629/3. The thickness of the sheet metal was 2.0 mm. The sphere was modelled in the SolidWorks program and 3D-printed with the polylactic acid (PLA) material. The Poladyn 31ECO explosive was used for the experimental investigation into the process of deep drawing of the sphere by explosion, while the LS-DYNA hydrodynamic software was used for simulation. The pressure in the sphere was measured with a pair of copper crushers. It is shown that the simulation satisfactorily reproduces the experimentally measured pressure.

Background: T Measles is a viral, highly contagious disease from the group of rash fevers, which mainly affects children. Persons suffering from measles are considered contagious four days before and four days during the period of the appearance of measles, which favors its faster spread. Clinical observation and laboratory diagnostics are essential for monitoring the course of the disease in order to prevent complications. Objective: Our study aimed to analyze the significance and usefulness of laboratory tests on admission to hospital in pediatric patients with measles. Methods: This prospective study included children with confirmed measles infection who came accompanied by parents to the Infectious Disease Clinic of the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo during nine months. Data on age, sex, symptoms and results of laboratory analyzes (biochemical, hematological and coagulation) were recorded. Results: The study included a total of 302 subjects, including 122 healthy controls and 180 measles patients. Significantly lower values observed for aPTT, absolute number of eosinophils and basophils, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC in measles patients. Significantly higher values were observed for fibrinogen, D-dimer, WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, RDW and MPV in measles patients in contrast to controls. Significantly higher values were also observed for serum chloride, glucose, CRP, AST, ALT and LDH values. AST/ALT, NLR, PLR, NPR, LMR, LCR, SII and AISI also showed significant differences in measles patients compared to controls. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that laboratory tests have great significance and potential in measles in pediatric patients admitted to the hospital. Lymphocyte/C-reactive protein ratio also showed good diagnostic potential.

Background: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSC) is the leading malignant tumour of the head and neck. Establishing new biomarkers is extremely important because they can be important for early diagnosis and prognosis of LSC. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the significance of cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1) in the early diagnosis and prognosis of LSC. Methods: This was prospective research involving 35 patients of both sexes with pathohistologically confirmed LSC, who were treated in the period from 2022 to 2024. The control group consisted of 30 patients who underwent surgery for other non-malignant diseases and who had a normal indirect laryngoscopy findings. The levels of CYFRA 21-1 were determined for three time periods: preoperative, four weeks after surgery, and three months after radiotherapy or concomitant chemoradiotherapy. For the statistical analysis of data we used descriptive statistics methods, the Student T-test and the χ2 test to calculate the significance of the tested differences, where differences on the level of p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Statistically significantly higher mean serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 were found preoperatively in the experimental group in comparison with the control group (p<0.001). Statistically significant lower levels of CYFRA 21-1 were found four weeks after surgery in the experimental group in comparison with preoperative levels (p=0.004). A statistically significant decrease in serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 was also found three months after radiotherapy or concomitant chemoradiotherapy in comparison with the preoperative levels (p=0.001). The serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 were statistically significantly higher preoperatively in patients with stage III/IV of the disease in comparison with stage I/II (p<0.001). Conclusion: Increased levels of CYFRA 21-1 are a significant indication of the presence of LSC, especially in patients with advanced stages of the disease.

Background: Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common form of valvular disease in the elderly population, with degenerative calcified valves remaining the primary cause of this condition. Due to the progressive nature of the disease, a significant reduction in aortic valve area leads to increased left ventricular (LV) pressure overload, resulting in adaptive but ultimately maladaptive concentric hypertrophy and progressive myocardial remodeling. Objective: The main objectives of the study were to assess the regression of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, Methods: This retrospective study included 150 patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Sorin Freedom Solo (SFS) stentless bioprosthesis and the St. Jude Regent (STJ) mechanical valve. Patients were divided into three groups based on follow-up duration: six months, one year, and two years. changes in transvalvular gradient, perioperative outcomes, and survival rates. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in the transvalvular gradient for both valves (p < 0.0001), with a more pronounced decrease in patients with the SFS valve. The thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS) continuously decreased in SFS patients across all groups, whereas a significant reduction was observed only in Group 2 for STJ valves. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) showed a significantly greater increase in patients with the SFS valve (p < 0.024), particularly in Group 2. Overall mortality was 5.30% for STJ valves and 6.66% for SFS valves, with no statistically significant differences in Kaplan–Meier survival analysis (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The SFS valve demonstrated superior hemodynamic performance and more pronounced LV hypertrophy regression, making it a suitable option for high-risk patients. The STJ valve ensures stable long-term function and remains the preferred choice for younger patients with acceptable operative risk. These findings highlight the importance of a personalized approach in selecting valvular prostheses.

The concept of decision making is considered as one of the key topics in the field of strategic management and related fields. According previous theoretical considerations and discussions of the main contributors, there is no single routine/path used by managers in strategic decision-making. Mintzberg, Raisinghani and Théorêt define strategic decisions with regard to the decision-making level as a combination of entrepreneurial activities and efficient use of resources. The process of making strategic decisions is often described as unstructured, non-routine associated with uncertainty, defining it as a set of activities, which includes the collection of information, the development of alternatives and their evaluation, and ultimately the selection of the best alternative. It is clear, therefore, that it is difficult to talk about strategic decision-making exclusively in the context of a logical sequence of activities by division makers. This type of presentation of strategic decision-making, based on the idea of rational action by top management, as the strategic management executives, is also shown in numerous management text books. In their editorial in a special issue of the prestigious Strategic Management Journal, Cyert and Williams synthesized the conclusions of the special issue contributors. Analysing the cause-and-effect relationship between strategy, strategic decision-making and the organization, emphasis is put on the importance of organizational learning. In the conditions of creating an economy based on information and knowledge, a connection is created between information, organizational structure and strategic decision-making. In complex systems, such as companies, one of the key problems that occurs when making decisions is to find out where the decision comes from and how it is realized. Strategic decisions are most often a collection of some individual decisions in the organization or a consequence of informal conversations or actions that lead to collective action. The focus of this paper is an attempt to identified a key theoretical underpinning, through an overview of relevant theories and strategic management schools. In so doing, this paper will use the concept of strategic management schools, presented by Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel in their popular book Strategic Safari.

Background: Benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) is a rare complication of viral URTIs, usually occurring in winter. It is characterized by acute onset of bilateral calf pain and difficulty/refusal to walk. A prodromal phase precedes these manifestations, consisting of catarrhal and constitutional symptoms. These are associated with increased muscle-specific enzymes, usually normal inflammatory parameters, and leukopenia. Objective: Our study aimed to define the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of BACM patients and determine the etiology leading to their development. Methods: Medical charts for patients diagnosed with BACM from October to April 2023/2024 at the Pediatric Clinic Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Department of Allergology, Rheumatology, and Immunology were reviewed retrospectively. Relevant medical information was collected for 20 patients. Statistical analysis was done in Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: Demographic analysis demonstrated male predominance (75%), with primarily school-aged children affected (median age 8.36). Most cases occurred in winter (60%). The majority of patients presented with bilateral calf pain (100%), difficulty walking (90%), and fever (100%). All cases demonstrated increased CK levels, with median values of 3779 U/L; a notable number had leukopenia (70%). The most commonly isolated pathogen was Influenza B virus (75%). Conclusion: BACM is relatively rare but presents acutely and leads to plenty of distress for both patients and their parents. A child with coryzal symptoms complicated by bilateral calf pain or difficulty/refusal to walk and an increase in CK levels should raise suspicion of BACM. The condition is self-limiting and usually resolves without complications.

Regardless of the geopolitical and economic challenges the world as well as the European Union (EU) face, it appears that these issues have not, in the slightest, affected the EU's commitment to the green transition. The European Commission continues to provide strong support to member countries in implementing reforms that encourage the green transition. In conditions of sluggish economic growth, the investments in the green transition are characterized as a significant driver of economic growth. This paper analyzes and evaluates the implications of the EU's green transformation on the economic development of the Western Balkans (WB), with a special focus on the Green Deal and climate neutrality. The Green Deal represents the EU's key strategy for achieving climate goals and transitioning to a sustainable, green economy. Through an analytical approach, the impacts of the green transformation and related policies on the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the region are explored, considering the global Green Economy Index. The research methodology includes cluster analysis and analysis of the green economy index to assess the correlation between factors of the green economy and economic development, considering financial, institutional, and legal aspects of the Green Deal. Additionally, a comparison of development according to the Green Economy Index is applied to identify the position, potential, but also limitations of the Western Balkans in this context. Key indicators of the green economy, such as investments in renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, and sustainable infrastructure, are analyzed in terms of their impact on macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product per capita, unemployment, etc., in the Western Balkans. The paper identifies a range of opportunities for economic development, including increasing investments in renewable energy sources and developing sustainable infrastructure projects, but at the same time recognizes limitations, such as a lack of capacity, financial resources and public sector support to implement sustainable policies. Furthermore, there is a risk of increasing economic and social inequalities in the process of green transformation, as well as potential negative environmental consequences if appropriate measures are not taken.

Background: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is the most common complication after cardiac surgery, increasing morbidity, ICU stay, dialysis need, hospitalization length, and costs. Despite prophylactic strategies, POAF incidence remains high, especially in moderate and high risk patients. Objective: To assess the effect of amiodarone on POAF incidence and onset timing in moderate and high risk patients. Methods: This prospective observational study included 454 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Risk stratification of patients was based on the McSPI AFRisk Index, compared with the POAF Score and CHA2DS2-VASc Score. Moderate and high risk patients received amiodarone in combination with beta blockers (Amiodarone group), while low risk patients received beta blockers only. The primary outcome was POAF incidence, analyzed via Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Secondary analysis compared POAF rates between groups using the χ2 test. Results: POAF occurred in 5.95% of the Amiodarone group versus 9.25% in the beta blocker group (overall incidence: 15.2%). The relative risk reduction was 27% (RR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.105-0.689, p = 0.006). POAF incidence was significantly lower in the Amiodarone group (p = 0.008, χ2 test). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed delayed POAF onset in the Amiodarone group (median: 48h vs. 33h, p = 0.0007). Cox regression confirmed a 73% lower risk of early POAF (HR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.105-0.689, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Amiodarone combined with beta blockers reduces POAF incidence and delays its onset after CABG. Keywords: POAF, CABG, amiodarone, risk stratification. Keywords: Body Dysmorphia, PCOS patients, prevalence.

Background/Aim. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that can cause destructive joint disease and progressive disability. The diagnosis of RA is based on laboratory and clinical evidence, which includes the analysis of inflammatory markers, hematological, and biochemical parameters. Methods. Fifty patients diagnosed with RA without methotrexate (MTX) therapy and 50 patients with therapy (MTX, 7.5 mg/week; after three months prednisolone 10 mg/day) were included in this study. After six months of therapy, inflammatory biomarkers, hematological, and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results. Inflammatory biomarkers: sedimentation rate (SE), C-reactive protein (CRP), and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) are significantly lower in the group of patients on therapy compared to patients without MTX therapy. Significant differences were not found for the rheumatoid factor (RF). Significant differences were not found for hematological parameters between the compared groups. Analysis of serum biochemical parameters showed significant differences for aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and iron values. In patients without MTX therapy, the incidence of anemia was recorded in 68%, which is significantly higher than the incidence of 32% in patients with therapy. Conclusion. Prescribed therapy has shown effectiveness in the treatment of RA and reduction of the inflammatory process. The success of the treatment depends on the timely diagnosis of RA. Postponement of therapy and late-detected disease prolongs therapy treatment and often requires a combination of several drugs.

: Legal metrology ensures consumer protection from inaccurate measurements by regulating numerous instruments, some under EU harmonized legislation and others governed by national decisions based on the International Organization for Legal Metrology (OIML) recommendations. Verification laboratories produce measurement reports, often in unstructured PDF formats. Exploring and analyzing these reports remains inherently tedious and error-prone due to their format as numerous unstructured PDF files. To address these challenges, we introduce ScaleVis, a system combining standard and specialized visualizations to facilitate the exploration and analysis of measurement data including spatial information relevant to eccentricity measurements. The system incorporates data cleaning to resolve inconsistencies from manual entry and provides insights into measurement trends and deviations. Focusing on non-automatic weighing instruments, we analyze verification results to identify significant deviations in linearity and eccentricity. This study focuses on the analysis of non-automatic weighing instruments from various manufacturers and application domains. Using verification results from competent laboratories, we examine the metrological behavior of these instruments, identifying the ranges of linearity and eccentricities with the largest deviations from prescribed errors. A use case with domain experts underscores ScaleVis’s potential to streamline data analysis in legal metrology, with initial feedback indicating strong utility and effectiveness.

Red clover is an important perennial fodder plant for the production of quality fodder. Since it can be successfully produced even on soils of poorer quality, it is increasingly present in the sowing structure, primarily in hilly and mountainous areas. Trials were carried out on eight genotypes of red clover over several years. There were no significant differences between the average values of stem thickness and plant height of the two first cuttings from the two experimental years. The first cutting of the second year had the highest height (80.0 cm). Genotype 1 had the highest average height (78.0 cm) and leaflet length (45.52 mm). Genotype 6 had the lowest average plant height (74.0 cm), number of stems (7.15), stem thickness (3.31 mm) and leaflet length (36.68 mm). Genotypes 6 and 8 had the widest leaflet in the first cut of the second year of testing (28.94 and 28.93 mm). Aside from plant height, no significant differences were found between the genotypes. Nevertheless, all other examined variables showed statistically significant differences across clover cuttings and genotypes. The average values of the number of stems per plant, the length and width of leaflet in the first clover cut of the first year, and second clover cut of the second year were not statistically significantly different. Red clover is most productive in the first cutting of the second year of life, as confirmed by these investigations, which yielded the greatest values for the majority of the investigated features.

Background: The scientific knowledge was improving because is the base doubles every 5 to 6 years, and in some domains of medicine even faster. So, it is simply no longer possible to „inject“ all medical knowledge into students, regardless of their previous educational level. Educating medical students is process which depands of assessing appropriate changes in medical education. Objective: The purpose of this article was to present the role of the learning process of "acquiring knowledge or abilities or modifying behavior through to dayly practice“, because the traditional or classic way of studying medicine implies the oral and practical transfer of knowledge and skills from educators to students. Methods: The author used the most influential index databases as a source for collecting of relevant facts about important Information-Communication Technologies (ICTs) which today commonly and actualy used in practice for educational process in the current fields of biomedicine worldwide. Results and Discussion: Modern information technologies (IT) have enabled faster, more reliable and comprehensive data collection. These technologies have started to create a large number of irrelevant information, which represents a limiting factor and a real growing gap, between the medical knowledge on one hand, and the ability of doctors to follow its growth on the other. The term technology is generally reserved for its technical component. Education means, learning, teaching, or the process of acquiring skills or behavior modification through various exercises. Traditionally, medical education meant the oral, practical and more passive transferring of knowledge and skills from the educators to students and health professionals. For the clinical disciplines, of special importance are the principles, such as "learning at bedside", aided by the medical literature. In doing so, these techniques enable students to contact with their teachers, and to refer to the appropriate literature. The disadvantage of these educational methods is in the fact, that teachers often do not have enough time. Additionally they are not very convenient to the horizontal and vertical integration of teaching, create weak or almost no self education, as well as, low skill levels and poor integration of education with a real social environment. Conclusion: In this paper authors described application of modern ICTs in medical education and their advantages and disadvantages comparing with traditional ways of education. In clinical medicine, „learning at the patient's bedside“ is especially important, whereby knowledge is expanded and supplemented with appropriate medical literature. In the all fields of biomedicine in recent decades are in significant correlation with the advances in the information technologies. Current biomedicine studies must be given a solid foundation in the field of using computer's technologies to improve process information, support decision-making, select the right treatments, and develop their abilities to the students as "lifelong learners".

Kupres cheese is hard, full-fat cheese made at Kupres plateau, rich in pastures region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In last decades this cheese became popular among consumers and known by its quality which was proven by manny awards and recognitions obtained at exibitions and fairs in wider region. While its technology, chemical composition and sensory quality are already described in some paper’s articles data on its physical properties related to sensory profile are yet scarce. Thus, the aim of this work is to give an overwiev of the history data, chemical and sensory features with emphasize to new results on physical properties of Kupres cheese and their connection with sensory quality.