Background: Gentamicin is a potent, broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic used in the treatment of many infections. Gentamicin can induce hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress and apoptosis. Since melatonin has antioxidant properties, its protective effects on liver tissue damage were evaluated in this study. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct our investigation to assess the hepatoprotective effects of melatonin in rats treated with gentamicin. Methods: Forty eight adult male Wistar rats were used. The animals were randomly distributed into six groups of equal size. During the period of 11 days, three control groups of rats were daily injected i.p. with the vehicle or with melatonin at a dose of 5 or 10 mg/kg. The gentamicin group was injected with gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg during 8 days and vehicle for 11 days. The other two experimental groups were administered gentamicin (80 mg/kg during) 8 days and melatonin (doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg) 3 days before and 8 days concomitantly with melatonin. Obtained liver sections were analyzed using qualitative, semi-quantitative, and stereological analysis. Results: Gentamicin expressed hepatotoxic effects inducing congestion of lobular blood vessels, hydropic degeneration of periportal hepatocytes and mononuclear infiltration in the portal tract. Treatment with gentamicin resulted in an increase in the Vv of blood vessels, a decrease in the Vv of hepatocytes, and a decrease in the glycogen content in all three lobular zones. Melatonin administration reduced the liver alterations induced by gentamicin; the higher dose had a more potent protective effect. Conclusion: Melatonin has a beneficial effect on gentamicin-induced liver damage and the effect is dose-dependent.

It is known that throughout history the people of Herzegovina have been good and skilled fighters and competitors, especially in wrestling, boxing, throwing maces, spears and knives, fencing, etc. Those fighting skills and various competitions were traditional activities of Herzegovinians and were nurtured, preserved and passed down from generation to generation. In the Middle Ages, in the area of today's Herzegovina, physical activities were nurtured and practiced, as well as in neighboring areas and countries. During the Turkish occupation (1463-1878) there was a halt in their development, while during the Austro-Hungarian occupation (1878-1918) sports and other physical activities and competitions began to be practiced more intensively. Numerous sports and other physical activities appeared and began to develop, such as: athletics, cycling, equestrian sports, roller-skating, bowling, hunting, fencing, football, climbing, swimming, wrestling, diving, sokolism, tennis, etc. In the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia (1918-1941), this development became more intensive in terms of content and institutions. In addition to the already mentioned, also began the development of other sports, such as: basketball, folk sports, volleyball, skiing, archery, etc. After the end of the Second World War, sport gained full momentum in Herzegovina, especially in the form of institutional organization. The subject of this research is sport and other physical activities in the territory of Herzegovina, with the aim of making an overview of their origin and development up to the most recent times. During writing historical method was used.

he study aims to assess the capability of various data mining techniques in detecting inaccurate financial statements of government-owned enterprises operating in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH). Inaccurate financial statements indicate potential financial fraud. Prediction models of four classification algorithms (J48, KNN, MLP, and BayesNet) were examined using a dataset comprising 200 audited financial statements from government-owned enterprises under the supervision of the Audit Office of the Institutions in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results obtained through data mining analysis reveal that a dataset encompassing seven balance sheet items provides the most comprehensive depiction of financial statement quality. These seven attributes are: opening entry of accounts receivable, profit (loss) at the end of the period, operating assets at the end of the period, accounts receivable at the end of the period, opening entry of operating assets, short term financial investments at the end of the period, and opening entry of short-term financial investments. By employing these seven attributes, the MLP algorithm was implemented to construct the most precise predictive model, achieving a 76% accurate classification rate for financial statements. Leveraging the identified attributes, a mathematical model could potentially be formulated to effectively predict financial statements of government-owned enterprises in FBiH. This, in turn, could considerably facilitate the process of selecting GOEs for inclusion in the annual work plan of state auditors. Presently, due to resource constraints, government-owned enterprises in FBiH do not undergo regular annual scrutiny by state auditors, with only 10 to 15 such enterprises being subject to audits each year. The results of this research can also be beneficial to both the public and the Financial Intelligence Agency in the FBiH. The paper contributes to filling the gap in the literature regarding the applied methodology, particularly in the part concerning the attributes used in the research.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications is an important part of future driver assistance and traffic control systems that will reduce accidents and congestion. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) band shows great promise to enable the high-data-rate links that are required or at least beneficial for such systems. To design such systems, we first need a detailed understanding of the vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X) propagation channels. This paper provides a systematic account of a series of measurement campaigns for such channels, conducted by the four research institutions of the authors over the past year. After a description of the similarities and differences of the channel sounders used in the campaigns, a description of the measurements in two European and one American city is given, and the scenarios of convoy, opposite-lane passing, and overtaking, are described. This is then followed by key results, presenting both sample results of power delay profiles and delay Doppler (or angular) spectra, as well as the statistical description such as delay spread and size of stationarity region. We also discuss the availability of spatial diversity in V2I connections and the correlation of the channels between different frequency bands.

BACKGROUND Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) poses significant challenges in clinical management due to its diverse outcomes. Understanding the prognostic role of hematological parameters and derived ratios in NSTEMI patients could aid in risk stratification and improve patient care. AIM To evaluate the predictive value of hemogram-derived ratios for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in NSTEMI patients, potentially improving clinical outcomes. METHODS A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted in 2021 at the Internal Medicine Clinic of the University Hospital in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study included 170 patients with NSTEMI, who were divided into a group with MACE and a control group without MACE. Furthermore, the MACE group was subdivided into lethal and non-lethal groups for prognostic analysis. Alongside hematological parameters, an additional 13 hematological-derived ratios (HDRs) were monitored, and their prognostic role was investigated. RESULTS Hematological parameters did not significantly differ between non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients with MACE and a control group at T1 and T2. However, significant disparities emerged in HDRs among NSTEMI patients with lethal and non-lethal outcomes post-MACE. Notably, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were elevated in lethal outcomes. Furthermore, C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio (CRP/Ly) at T1 (> 4.737) demonstrated predictive value [odds ratio (OR): 3.690, P = 0.024]. Both NLR at T1 (> 4.076) and T2 (> 4.667) emerged as significant predictors, with NLR at T2 exhibiting the highest diagnostic performance, as indicated by an area under the curve of 0.811 (95%CI: 0.727-0.859) and OR of 4.915 (95%CI: 1.917-12.602, P = 0.001), emphasizing its important role as a prognostic marker. CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant prognostic value of hemogram-derived indexes in predicting MACE among NSTEMI patients. During follow-up, NLR, PLR, and CRP/Ly offer important insights into the inflammatory processes underlying cardiovascular events.

Providing an objective ranking of scientists based on their merit is a rather challenging task. Numerous factors complicate this endeavor, raising difficult questions about how such evaluations should be conducted. The goal of the present paper is to introduce a new measure for evaluating researchers’ performance, the Performance Impact Score (PIS), which combines both productivity and research impact. In this study, I compared the PIS with h-index scores for 108 researchers at the University of Sarajevo. More specifically, I examined the overlap between the top 20 researchers according to the PIS and the top 20 researchers according to Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS h-indexes. The concordance rate was 65% for Google Scholar and Web of Science, and 55% for SCOPUS. The analysis highlights the importance of considering both productivity and impact when evaluating researchers’ rankings. It is also evident that the top 20 researchers vary across different metrics. The results further demonstrate that creating a fair and just ranking system requires going beyond the data available in bibliometric databases, particularly in cases where researchers rank highly by one metric but perform poorly when evaluated by another.

Arsenic concentration in seafood could potentially reach very high levels and represent a significant health risk for humans. In this study, the concentration of arsenic in various seafood: crabs (shrimp, prawns), molluscs (mussels), and cephalopods (squid) available both fresh on the market and frozen in supermarkets in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina were determined by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The results obtained using different matrix modifiers: Mg(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, Pd(NO3)2, and mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 were compared. The best recovery rate of 98.4 % arsenic for the reference material ERM-CE278k, was achieved after the addition of the mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 . The mean arsenic concentrations were 1.551 ? 0.836 mg kg-1 1.298 ? 0.410 mg kg-1, and 2.794 ? 0.958 mg kg-1 for crustaceans, molluscs and cephalopods, respectively, by using mixture Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 as matrix modifier. Arsenic concentrations in the same sample measured using different matrix modifiers varied widely, even above 70 %. With the current consumption rate of seafood products, both cancerogenic and non-cancerogenic risks associated with exposure to arsenic through seafood are very low for the residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The hexacyclic system graph Fn is the graph derived from a linear hexagonal chain Ln with n > 1 hexagons by identifying two pairs of ends of Ln. The M¨obious hexacyclic system graph Mn is the graph derived from a linear hexagonal chain Ln with n > 1 hexagons by identifying two pairs of ends of Ln with a twist. In this paper, we compute, in a closed form, the resolvent energy, the Laplacian and the signless Laplacian resolvent energy, as well as the resolvent Estrada index and the resolvent signless Estrada index of Fn and Mn. All five indices are expressed as a rational function in the number n of hexagons, defined in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the second kind. Those expressions allow for a fast numerical computation of indices and for deducing sharp bounds on their growth.

Background/Aim. Piclidenoson (CF101, IB-MECA), a selective agonist of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR), is used in clinical trials for the treatment of psoriasis. Emerging data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that piclidenoson possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, but its action on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of piclidenoson in a model of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human PBMCs culture. Methods. Human PBMCs were isolated from the venous blood of healthy donors (n = 4) and treated with different concentrations of piclidenoson. Flow cytometry and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test were used to determine cell viability, while the MTT method and the carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining method were used to analyze the effect of picl idenoson on cell proliferation. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-?, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1?, IL-23, IL-36, IL-5, interferon (IFN)??, IL-17, and IL-10 were measured using a specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. The results of cytotoxicity tests showed that the highest applied concentration of piclidenoson (1,500 nM) reduced the metabolic activity of PBMCs (p < 0.05) and increased the percentage of late apoptotic (p < 0.05) and necrotic cells (p < 0.01). Non-toxic concentrations (250, 500, and 1,000 nM) decreased the proliferation of PBMCs (p < 0.05) compared to the control cells. These concentrations also decreased the production of TNF-? (p < 0.001). Piclidenoson at concentrations of 250 and 1,000 nM reduced the production of IL-23 (p < 0.05) while the concentrations of 500 and 1,000 nM reduced the production of IL-36 (p < 0.05). Piclidenoson at 1,000 nM increased IL-1? production, while other concentrations decreased its production (p < 0.01). The highest concentration (1,000 nM) inhibited the production of IL-5 (p < 0.05) and IFN-? (p < 0.01) while all applied concentrations inhibited the production of IL-17 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, piclidenoson increased the production of IL-10 in all applied concentrations (p < 0.01). Conclusion. At non-toxic concentrations, piclidenoson exerts anti-inflammatory properties associated with the inhibition of proliferation and modulation of cytokine production in PHA-stimulated PBMCs culture.

This paper aims to generalize linear models for the multiproduct break-even point. Taking into consideration identified research gaps, the paper focuses on deriving formulas for determining the multiproduct break-even point through determination models. Different assumptions regarding the constancy of individual product contribution structures to total physical production volume, total revenue, total variable costs, and total contribution margin are taken into account. Additionally, connections between the obtained solutions from different models and different assumptions regarding the constancy of individual product contributions are established. The verification of the optimality of solutions obtained through different determination models is conducted by comparing them with solutions derived from linear programming as a benchmark. The developed models are tested using a case study of a multiproduct company in the metal processing industry. Through comparative analysis, the hypotheses concerning obtaining an optimal solution and the identical nature of solutions derived from the determination model and linear programming are examined. This paper contributes to the understanding of the multiproduct break-even point, providing a theoretical and practical framework for evaluation and enabling the application of various determination models in the context of a multiproduct situation.

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the oral health promotion programmes in the Balkan countries, to compare key measures and activities in the implementation of the programme, and to analyse the results achieved after the implementation of the programme. Material and Methods: Data were obtained through an electronic search of publicly available documents published in the field of dental healthcare in the Balkan countries. The search terms were: "national programme", "strategy", "action plan", "project", and "oral health". The search was conducted in English and in the native languages of the Balkan Peninsula countries. A comparative analysis of valid documents and those whose validity period has expired was carried out. Results: This study illuminates the information on preventive programmes for each country and discusses the challenges faced in the Balkans region. While countries in the Balkan Peninsula have made progress in improving the oral health of their inhabitants, the absence of national oral health promotion programmes is striking. Greater involvement of the community in activities to maintain and improve oral health is needed, as is more comprehensive dental care for vulnerable populations. Conclusions: The findings of this study may be employed to enhance oral health in the delineated regions, and to confer benefits upon the population of the region and beyond. The findings from this analysis provide valuable insights for policymakers and public health professionals aiming to strengthen oral health initiatives and ensure more equitable access to dental care across the Balkan Peninsula. This paper (Part II) describes specifics of oral health promotion programmes, dental health care, and key epidemiological indicators in each Balkan country.

Background: The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related clinical conditions, including metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), sarcopenia, and a wide spectrum of pathological manifestations, is rising globally. According to WHO, BMI is the only anthropometric measure currently used to classify obesity, overweight, and underweight. However, emerging research suggests that obesity is a complex pathological state influenced by multiple etiological factors. Given the limitations of BMI, there is a growing need for a more comprehensive assessment of body composition, particularly fat mass quantity and distribution. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) provides valuable anthropometric data that can help differentiate obesity phenotypes and guide improved therapeutic approaches. Objective: This study aims to analyze body composition using BIA in a randomly selected sample of adults from primary healthcare settings in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The primary goal is to assess total body weight, fat mass quantity, fat distribution, and obesity types prevalent in this population. Additionally, the study seeks to establish reference values for further diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies to improve public health outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on adults (≥18 years) in Gračanica, Bosnia & Herzegovina (B6H), from January 2021 to January 2025. Inclusion criteria required participants to provide signed informed consent, while exclusion criteria included acute systemic diseases, severe dehydration, and fasting for more than 24 hours. Anthropometric parameters measured included age, height, weight, BMI, body fat mass (BFM), fat-free mass (FFM), percent body fat (PBF), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and bone mineral content (BMC). Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 18), with results presented as medians, interquartile ranges, and percentiles (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th). Results: A total of 4,628 adults participated in the study, of whom 2,824 (61.0%) were female and 1,804 (39.0%) were male. The median age was 45 years (IQR: 29 years). The findings revealed that over one-quarter of the B&H population is obese, with abdominal obesity being the predominant type. This phenotype is associated with the highest risk for metabolic syndrome and MASLD. Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of obesity among the examined individuals in primary care settings in B&H, with abdominal obesity being the most common type. This phenotype is strongly associated with metabolic complications. BIA-derived parameters of fat distribution and visceral fat mass may serve as valuable tools for improving obesity classification and developing more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.