Nowadays, there is increasing number of electrochemical biosensors which utilize chitosan (Ch); as an enzyme immobilization matrix, and conductive nanomaterials; as electron carriers improving sensitivity of the biosensor. However, the challenge these sensors face is the lack of uniform dispersion of nanomaterials throughout the Ch film, which can negatively affect analytical performance of the biosensor. In this study, we report the development of an enzyme immobilization matrix that displays enhanced electrochemical performance thanks to a novel conductive thin film prepared via in situ electrocopolymerization of pyrrole (Py) and thiophene-grafted chitosan (Th-Ch). This is a simple thin film preparation method that can help overcome aforementioned challenges by providing a uniformly distributed conductive layer on the electrode. We are also for the first time reporting the synthesis and characterization of Th-Ch, where grafted Th plays an essential role as a linking group between Ch and Py. The resulting conductive Ch-based thin film was modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) which served as a model enzyme. In situ electrocopolymerization of Py with Th-Ch resulted in a highly conductive thin film enabling approximately 40% higher sensitivity when compared to a Py-Ch composite. This new type of composite thin film is promising in biosensor technology due to its biocompatibility, the chemically and physically modifiable structure, as well as its electrical conductivity.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep problems are common, serving as both a predictor and symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with these bidirectional relationships well established in the literature. While both sleep phenotypes and PTSD are moderately heritable, there has been a paucity of investigation into potential genetic overlap between sleep and PTSD. Here, we estimate genetic correlations between multiple sleep phenotypes (including insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype) and PTSD, using results from the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date of PTSD, as well as publicly available GWAS results for sleep phenotypes within UK Biobank data (23 variations, encompassing four main phenotypes). METHODS Genetic correlations were estimated utilizing linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), an approach that uses GWAS summary statistics to compute genetic correlations across traits, and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to follow up on significant correlations. RESULTS Significant, moderate genetic correlations were found between insomnia symptoms (rg range 0.36-0.49), oversleeping (rg range 0.32-0.44), undersleeping (rg range 0.48-0.49), and PTSD. In contrast, there were mixed results for continuous sleep duration and daytime sleepiness phenotypes, and chronotype was not correlated with PTSD. MR analyses did not provide evidence for casual effects of sleep phenotypes on PTSD. CONCLUSION Sleep phenotypes, particularly insomnia symptoms and extremes of sleep duration, have shared genetic etiology with PTSD, but causal relationships were not identified. This highlights the importance of further investigation into the overlapping influences on these phenotypes as sample sizes increase and new methods to investigate directionality and causality become available.

La presente etude porte sur la poesie moderne en France au debut du xxe siecle confrontee au canon et aux regles du genre litteraire auquel elle se rattache. Son objectif est de montrer pourquoi il importe de prendre en compte le cadre generique dans la constitution du canon litteraire, en analysant les elargissements et les transformations operes par les avant-gardes poetiques du debut du xxe siecle par rapport aux restrictions canoniques de la notion generique de poesie.

The subject dealt with in this work is non-hegemonic discourse which, in the spectre of philological interests, denounces the phenomena of hierarchialisation and dehierarchialisation linked to the problem of capturing the concept of the function a border has while being disseminated through literary theory and practice throughout travelogue as a literary form. By enquiring about cultural heritage applied in literature from Odyssey’s travels and challenges, this research has attempted to emphatically “listen poetically” to all aspects of human existence subjected by some to the border line of such worlds. Thus I here write about an exemplary travelogue which uses conceptual mechanism of its text based on the movement disputing then a conventional usage of literary language, which is today recognized as a form of violence as old as the very western history itself is. For that purpose, the work has incorporated analytical viewing of novelistic, essayistic and travelogue like literary heritage using travelogue essays Majka voda by Tvrtko Kulenovic, the most famous Bosnian-Herzegovinian writer and essayist. It is a travelogue of great significance taking us from “postmodern Odyssey” to its specific “ideology of water” and “religion of seas”. The ephemeral border between a body travelling to a body of travelling in his travelogue Majka voda takes us to the point of merging of two cultural circles. Poetic dimension may be inferred from Kulenovic’s suggestions: “Indeed, is there any shame in the fact that it is more intelligent to sail rather than row (...) That artistic skill is obtained more easily through the “eastern” relaxed surrender then Studia Polensia, 8, 2019. 54 through the “western” intent and concentration (attempt to forcibly control mind equals the attempt to even out the waves of the sea). Who hits the target, misses all? (...) We must be capable of changing our shape as water does. (...) In the beginning there was no word, but water. At least it is said so in the Book of Genesis: the holy spirit of God soared above the waters.” (Kulenovic: Majka voda)

Social turbulences and discontinuities of the 20th century, have as always reflected upon scientific and creative achievements, most visible in changes in architectural thought and relation to space. First half of the 20th century was shaped by the modernist movement, represented through technical and technological achievements of building into economy, social context and culture giving an overall sense of units and spirt of urbanism and architecture of the modern era. In architecture there is a special place for the architect of the new era Le Corbusier whose narrative shaped and dominated the urban and architectural medium. Through research one can draw an analogy conceived by Le Corbusier between a typical serial housing unit and his functionalist urban and regional planning. He was at the same time praised and despised, but has definitely shaped the urban landscape as we know it today. Through research into his essence and paradigms and contribution, this paper aims to reflect his urban design process that originated in multiplication and standardization of single units (family or collective) combined with his visions for an expanding cityscape.

The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which conceptual integration theory can be applied to the analysis of social issue advertisements. Taking into consideration that we live in a visually-dominated culture, visual resources such as advertisements, cartoons, and memes have been used in crafting short, eye-catching messages, seeking the biggest impact with a limited amount of space and/or time. In recent years, there has been an enormous interest in the way conceptual integration theory can be used in explaining how the mentioned resources are formed, used, and what messages they can convey. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to examine the applicability of the theory in the study of social issue advertisements.

Using a 20‐year continuous broadband record and two independent single‐station techniques—ambient noise autocorrelation and receiver functions—we document a relationship between subsurface seismic response and groundwater levels (GWLs) in the Gulf Coast Aquifer System of southern Texas. We find that a surge of GWL following three consecutive hurricanes and documented at an adjacent monitoring well is accompanied with changes in receiver function power spectra and ambient noise autocorrelations. Using a simple physical model, we show that GWL changes should affect P‐ (VP) more strongly than S‐wave (VS) velocities, consistent with our observations and previous ones based on inter‐station correlations. Agreement between receiver function and ambient noise analyses shows that both can be used to reliably estimate temporal changes in subsurface properties on long timescales. Due to their sensitivity to VP, single‐station techniques respond more strongly to GWL changes, making them useful for characterizing and monitoring aquifer systems.