Introduction: Needlestick injuries (NSIs) are one of the most frequent routes of the transmission of bloodborne pathogens in health care settings and the substantial source of occupationally acquired bloodborne infections. They remain a significant problem for developing countries that lack the ability to implement more reliable technologies and available guidance because of the economic situation. The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of NSIs among healthcare workers (HCWs) and supporting staff in primary health care, to investigate the factors that caused these injuries and to evaluate a set of implemented guides. Methods: A retrospective study of the Department of infection control records of NSIs between January 2003 and January 2016 was conducted. Incidence proportion (rate of injury risk) was calculated for each profession with reported NSIs. Results: A total of 156 NSIs and sharp injuries were reported to the Department of infection control during the 12-year period. Among the group of HCWs, medical nurses/technicians (54.49%) were the most common injured workers, and the lowest numbers were reported by a physical therapist and dental technicians (0.64%). In a total number of cases, support staff accounted for 16.67%. The most incidents occurred during the use of needles, in 146 (90.6%) cases. Calculated incidence proportion for medical doctors is 0.24%, 5.33% for dentists, and 13.8% for medical and dental nurses/technicians and laboratory technicians. For support staff, the calculated rate is 6.04%. Conclusions: At the primary health care level, the NSIs frequency among all employee profiles is lower and it is suggesting the possibility of underreporting cases. Healthcare facility management should consider introducing new and more reliable technologies to reduce the number of NSIs especially among nurses/technicians, laboratory technicians, and cleaning staff. Additional training and preventive measures should be directed towards the proper disposal of medical waste. Management of the Institution presented engagement to prevent the occurrence of NSIs, and it is a positive example for all countries in transition.

During the flu season that can impair human health, it is difficult to determine whether a patient has a bacterial or viral infection. The C-Reactive Protein marker is one of the markers in laboratory diagnostics that shows inflammatory processes in the body. The purpose of this study was to prove that the CRP marker is an indicator of bacterial infections and that it is presented in higher concentration in patients with bacterial infection than in patients with a viral infection. Therefore it is helpful in the differentiating bacterial infections from viral infections.

Darovano humano mlijeko je najbolja zamjena za majčino mlijeko u okolnostima kad ona ne može hraniti svoje dijete. Sigurno ikvalitetno darovano humano mlijeko osiguravaju banke humanog mlijeka. S tim ciljem u Hrvatskoj banci tkiva i stanica Kliničkogbolničkog centra Zagreb osnovana je Banka humanog mlijeka u siječnju 2020. Rad Banke u skladu je sa Zakonom o primjeni ljudskihtkiva i stanica. U ovom radu prikazujemo rezultate njenog rada od otvaranja do lipnja 2020. godine. Iz logističkih razloga uzrokovanih epidemijom COVID-19 i potresom u Zagrebu Banka humanog mlijeka nije prikupljala mlijeko 43 dana.Mlijeko je darovala 31 majka. Medijan dobi bio je 31 godina a 81% ih je bilo visokoobrazovanih. U 52% slučajeva majke su počeledarivati mlijeko tri mjeseca nakon porođaja. Najviše darivateljica darovalo je mlijeko samo jedan put (45%). Medijan razdoblja darivanja bio je 46 dana. Većina (52%) darivateljica rodilo je prvi put, u očekivanom terminu porođaja (94%), djecu porođajne mase>2 500 gr. Samo troje od njihove djece (9%) bilo je na intenzivnom liječenju. Ukupno je prikupljeno 175,5 L mlijeka (prosječno5,7 L/darivateljici), od kojih je 151,5 L zadovoljilo zahtjeve ulazne kontrole kakvoće, a 141 L je bila i pasterizirana. Kritičan broj vijabilnih, aerobnih i fakultativnih bakterija imalo je 32,6% mješavina mlijeka pripremljenih za pasterizaciju, a nakon nje 8,9%. Za kliničkuprimjenu izdano je 78,7 L u tri jedinice intenzivnog liječenja novorođenčadi. Već u prvim mjesecima rada Banka humanog mlijekapokazala je važnost svog djelovanja. Kako bi mogli zadovoljiti potrebe za darovanim humanim mlijekom na nacionalnoj razini,potrebno je trajno podučavati/educirati majke o važnosti humanog mlijeka i promicati njegovo darivanje.

In today’s modern world, more than ever before, students are faced with entrepreneurship based on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) as a reasonable and justified career choice. Whether their career choice would be successful or not depends a lot on the level of system support through entrepreneurial ecosystem during their education. The main objective of this paper is to present the current assessment, indicate the problems and possible solutions regarding the entrepreneurial infrastructure, culture and potential of higher education institutions in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. To achieve this, we have researched the level of the system support to students for development and launch of their ICT based start-ups during and after their university education respecting different educational profiles and demographic characteristics. The research covers the sample of 436 students from seven higher education institutions in Banja Luka at their bachelor studies and includes focus groups, survey, descriptive and inferential statistical methods. We have found significant discrepancy between university ICT programs and infrastructure and student needs. For instance, a quite large number of students interested in ICT industry attended some kind of informal education from this domain and at the same time they were unaware that those and similar programs were freely available at their universities. In this paper we have identified those and similar gaps and compared our research results with similar results in other countries.

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence of gliomas in Zenica - Doboj Canton. Moreover, to analyse its potential connection to sociodemographic characteristics and its distribution throughout municipalities of Zenica - Doboj Canton in the period of 2009-2019. Method: This retrospective, descriptive - analytical, 10 - year study included 146 patients from Zenica -Doboj Canton. Data were obtained and reviewed from patient’s medical records. Patients’ sociodemographic characteristics and pathohistological diagnosis were included in the study. Age, gender, and the place of birth were analysed and correlated with types and grades of glial tumors according to the World Health Organisation’s latest classification. Results: The study consisted of 146 patients including 84 (58%) males and 62 (42%) females. The most common pathohistological diagnosis was glioblastoma multiforme, a grade IV glioma in both females (26%) and males (35%), in total 91 (62%) patients, and the rarest was oligoastrocytoma, in 2 (1%) cases. The municipality of Kakanj had the highest incidence of glioma with 29 out of total of 146 cases (0.077%) and the highest incidence in females (0.069%) with 13 cases. The municipality of Vareš had the highest incidence of glioma (0.114%) with 5 out of 84 male cases, while in the cities of Breza and Olovo any cases with glioma were not detected The results showed statistically significant differences in incidences of gliomas according to the region of residence. Conclusion The analysis of data indicated that there are significant connections between the occurrence of gliomas and sociodemographic characteristics of patients from Zenica - Doboj Canton.

Money laundering, in its almost 90-year-long history, has attracted the attention of the scientific, professional, but also the general public. Throughout the entire period, the manifestations of this criminal phenomenon, its typology, etiological factors, etc., have changed, but the essence has remained the same: the transformation of illegally acquired money into legal financial flows. Emerging markets are particularly burdened, which is the subject of this paper: identifying, monitoring and proving the process of money laundering with the aim to reduce it in developing countries. In addition, what can be observed in these markets is that money laundering operations are mainly related to those activities where most of the payments are made in cash. Their specificity, that is, the basic motive for execution, is not just a profit, but the aspiration to introduce “dirty” money into legal flows. The aim of this paper is to use the method of description to explain and describe scientifically the money laundering process and to combat this phenomenon with a focus on the characteristics of the money laundering process. In addition, the paper describes the models and weaknesses of this process, while at the same time it respects the standards and specifics of business operations in emerging markets. The result of the paper is that it provides an overview of money laundering in the 21st century in small and open economies, including proposals to prevent and combat this negative phenomenon.

Već sedamdesetih godina dvadesetoga stoljeća razvijeni su prvi koncepti suvremenoga pojma medijske pismenosti. Nakon toga uslijedilo je nekoliko inicijativa da bi se bolje prepoznala važnost učenja i nužnost razvoja medijske pismenosti. Devedesetih godina dolazi do institucionalizacije medijske pismenosti i do definiranja osnovnih smjernica i elemenata potrebnih za razvoj i implementaciju medijske pismenosti u društvu. Otada pa sve do danas koncept medijske pismenosti ubrzano se mijenjao. Dinamičan i ubrzan razvoj informacijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija, pojava novih medija i medijskih navika konzumenata doveli su do promjene samoga koncepta i razumijevanja medijske pismenosti. Dotad se medijska pismenost prepoznavala kao instrument za zaštitu konzumenata od negativnih medijskih poruka i sadržaja (najčešće djece i mladih), a potom i kao instrument za zaštitu konzumenata od tehnologije te kao preduvjet za bolju građansku participaciju. Danas tumačenje pojma medijske pismenosti promatramo i u zavisnosti od društva i konteksta u kojem se medijska pismenost koristi i na način kako se razvija. Prema tome, koncept i primjena u ovisnosti su o geografskom i tehnološkom pristupu medijima, a samim time i o evaluaciji i načinu na koji komuniciramo preko različitih medija. Stoga bi današnji koncept medijske pismenosti predstavljao oružje ili oruđe za borbu protiv negativnih medijskih sadržaja, manipulacije, lažnih vijesti, obmana, propagande, dezinformacija, a u svrhu kritičkoga i kreativnog izražavanja i bolje građanske participacije.

The present study was conducted to investigate the water quality of the Trstionica River, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The physicochemical properties (temperature, pH, conductivity, total solids after evaporation at 105 °C), content of metals (calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)), and anions (chloride (Cl−), and phosphate (PO4)) were determined in water samples collected at seven locations during two sampling periods: unstable weather conditions (precipitation), and stable weather conditions (without precipitation). There was a significant difference in the content of individual parameters in the river water depending on the sampling time. For determination of metals concentrations, which were below the limit of detection, a preconcentration method using an ion-exchange resin was applied. The metals concentrations during the rainy day were in the order Ca > Mg > Na > Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Mn with mean values of 343, 6.03, 1.94, 0.18, 0.20, 0.03, 0.02, 0.01 mg dm−3, respectively, and during stable weather conditions: Ca > Mg > Na > Cu > Fe > Mn > Zn with mean values of 288, 7.62, 2.38, 0.11, 0.10, 0.01, 0.01 mg dm−3, respectively. Cd, Cr, and Ni concentrations were below limit of detection in both cases. Obtained values were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) regulations. The results showed that the Trstionica River in the investigated part of the stream meets most of the parameters required by the regulations. The correlation between analysed parameters was assessed, as well. Based on the calculated water quality index values, the water of Trstionica River falls into the category of excellent water.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in developing countries. Important etiological factors in this cancer are high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), as roughly 96% of cervical cancer cases are positive for these oncoviruses. On the other hand, it has been recently pointed out that E6/E7 oncoproteins of high-risk HPV can upregulate the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis. Likewise, several recent reports showed that checkpoint blockades targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathways have achieved efficient clinical responses via suppressing cancer progression and improving survival in several types of human cancers including metastatic cervical cancer. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and its interaction with high-risk HPV and their oncoproteins, which could have an important impact on the management of HPV-associated cancers including cervical.

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by ARDA. Abstract Background: The subject of this research is the creation of an optimal school bench design with the aim of determining the most favorable posture of students while sitting, taking into account the relevant ergonometric and biomechanical characteristics of the human body. For the proposed model of the school bench which allows adjusting the different slopes of its surface, the corresponding computer model of the student and the table was first created, and then biomechanical and RULA analysis was performed in order to determine the maximum load in the lumbar part. Next, for each test subject of given weight, it was necessary to determine the amount of maximum load in lumbar zone L3/L4 for different slope angles and to determine the critical angles at which the maximum permissible load of 3400 N is reached.