Abstract Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.

In this paper, we present a 5G trace dataset collected from a major Irish mobile operator. The dataset is generated from two mobility patterns (static and car), and across two application patterns (video streaming and file download). The dataset is composed of client-side cellular key performance indicators (KPIs) comprised of channel-related metrics, context-related metrics, cell-related metrics and throughput information. These metrics are generated from a well-known non-rooted Android network monitoring application, G-NetTrack Pro. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publicly available dataset that contains throughput, channel and context information for 5G networks. To supplement our real-time 5G production network dataset, we also provide a 5G large scale multi-cell ns-3 simulation framework. The availability of the 5G/mmwave module for the ns-3 mmwave network simulator provides an opportunity to improve our understanding of the dynamic reasoning for adaptive clients in 5G multi-cell wireless scenarios. The purpose of our framework is to provide additional information (such as competing metrics for users connected to the same cell), thus providing otherwise unavailable information about the base station (eNodeB or eNB) environment and scheduling principle, to end user. Our framework permits other researchers to investigate this interaction through the generation of their own synthetic datasets.

E-cigarette smoking (ECS) is a new method of tobacco smoking that is gaining popularity as it is thought to be a “healthy method” of tobacco consumption. The adverse outcomes of ECS on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in humans have been recently demonstrated. Nevertheless, the effect of e-cigarette liquid (ECL) on the early stage of embryogenesis and angiogenesis has not been explored yet. Chicken embryo at 3 days of incubation and its chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 5 days were used to explore the outcome of ECL on the embryo. Real-time PCR was also employed to study the regulation of a set of key controller genes of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Our study revealed that ECL exposure is associated with a high rate of mortality in embryos as around 70% of treated embryos, at 3 days of incubation, die after 5 days of exposure. Additionally, ECL inhibits angiogenesis of the CAM of 5 days of incubation by more than 30%. These effects could be explained by the upregulation of ATF-3, FOXA2, INHBA, MAPRE-2, and RIPK-1, as well as the downregulation of SERPINA-4 and VEGF-C genes, which are important key controller genes of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Our data suggest clearly that ECS can have dramatic toxic outcomes on the early stage of embryogenesis as well as angiogenesis. Accordingly, we believe that further studies to assess the effects of ECS on human health are essential.

This paper presents principal influences of heat input and welding position on geometrical properties of fillet welds for conventional and pulsed GMAW of unalloyed steel. We took into consideration geometrical properties such as fillet weld size, penetration, dilution and reinforcement. All presented influences are represented by fitting curves, based on simple linear regression of experimental data provided by visual and macro-section examination.

High resolution cervical auscultation is a very promising noninvasive method for dysphagia screening and aspiration detection, as it does not involve the use of harmful ionizing radiation approaches. Automatic extraction of swallowing events in cervical auscultation is a key step for swallowing analysis to be clinically effective. Using time-varying spectral estimation of swallowing signals and deep feed forward neural networks, we propose an automatic segmentation algorithm for swallowing accelerometry and sounds that works directly on the raw swallowing signals in an online fashion. The algorithm was validated qualitatively and quantitatively using the swallowing data collected from 248 patients, yielding over 3000 swallows manually labeled by experienced speech language pathologists. With a detection accuracy that exceeded 95%, the algorithm has shown superior performance in comparison to the existing algorithms and demonstrated its generalizability when tested over 76 completely unseen swallows from a different population. The proposed method is not only of great importance to any subsequent swallowing signal analysis steps, but also provides an evidence that such signals can capture the physiological signature of the swallowing process.

Results from bryomycological field studies in the Mediterranean part of Bosnia and Herzegovina are reportedin the paper. Five bryophilous taxa of ascomycetes have been recorded on few locations aroundthe city of Neum and on the Klek peninsula. Three of them are new for the mycobiota of Bosnia andHerzegovina – Octospora gemmicola, Lamprospora miniata var. parvispora and Lamprospora miniatavar. ratisbonensis.Macromorphology and micro-characters with ecology, phenology and distribution patterns for eachspecies are presented and briefly discussed.

Utvrđivanje kapaciteta proizvodnje sekundarnih energenata na podrucju Tuzlanskog kantona pružavažno uporiste za detaljnije i racionalnije planiranje koristenja drvnog otpada iz razlicitih izvora kojinastaje na navedenom podrucju. Za potrebe ovih istraživanja koristena je metoda analize i sinteze,kao i komparativna analiza na osnovu izvora podataka dobijenih od vlasnika postrojenja za proizvodnjusekundarnih energenata, drvoprerađivackih preduzeca i preduzeca koje gazduje sumama Tuzlanskogkantona, ostale relevantne dokumentacije iz Kantonalne privredne komore Tuzla, te na osnovuIzvjestaja o poslovanju i statistickih biltena. Trenutno je iskoristeno 59% kapaciteta postrojenja zaproizvodnju peleta na Tuzlanskom kantonu, proizvodnja briketa se realizuje sa 77%, a drvna sjeckasa 70%. Kolicina drvnog otpada iz prerade drveta iznosi cca 36 306 m³ godisnje. Stvarna realizacijaogrevnog drveta sa maloprodajom na podrucju Suma TK iznosila je 96.007 m3. Na podrucju Tuzlanskogkantona postoje prerađivaci (cijepanje) drveta sa 43% iskoristenog kapaciteta. Rezultati rada pokazujuda se potencijal proizvodnje sekundarnih energenata na podrucju Tuzlanskog kantona ne koristina zadovoljavajucem nivou. Maksimalni kapaciteti proizvodnje se ni približno ne ostvaruju. Da bi seosigurala isplativa i održiva proizvodnja peleta i briketa, osnovni uslov je da se raspolaže potrebnimkolicinama sirovine. Ukupna kolicina otpadnog drveta na podrucju Tuzlanskog kantona nije dovoljnaza maksimalni kapacitet instalisanih postrojenja za proizvodnju sekundarnih energenata. U tom slucajuneophodna je nabavka sirovine sa sireg podrucja BiH, zatim bolje koristenje otpada iz sumarstva, anarocito koristenje izdanackih suma. Kao sirovinska baza tu je svakako i mogucnost proizvodnje energetskihplantaža brzorastucih vrsta i sl.

This paper presents the results of research in pure mature stands of sessile oak about 130 years old (100–120 years, VII age class), in the western part of the Republic of Srpska. On the basis of the data obtained from the research, models of growth in height of sessile oak trees were constructed. The research was carried out in acidophilic forests of sessile oak at three sites (Kozara - III site index, Motajica - II / III site index and Crni Vrh - IV site index). Three trees from the dominant tree category in each locality were selected for the construction of the model tree growth and for the analysis of height tree growth. The growth of the tree was reconstructed by the standard method of dendrometric analysis. For the approximation of height growth, the Prodan function was chosen from the analyzed functions. After regeneration in stands, the start time and the frequency of the thinning can be planned based on the constructed growth models in height. This will positively affect the vitality, stability and level of the production of stands.

Indium nitride (InN) is a highly promising material for high frequency electronics given itslow band gap and high electron mobility. The development of InN-based devices is hamperedby the limitations in depositing very thin InN films of high quality. We demonstrate growth ofhigh-structural-quality nanometer thin InN films on 4H-SiC by atomic layer deposition (ALD).High resolution X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show epitaxial growthand an atomically sharp interface between InN and 4H-SiC. The InN film is fully relaxed already after a few atomic layers and shows a very smooth morphology where the low surfaceroughness (0.14 nm) is found to reproduced sub-nanometer surface features of the substrate. Raman measurements show an asymmetric broadening caused by grains in the InN film. Our results show the potential of ALD to prepare high quality nanometer-thin InN films for subsequent formation of heterojunctions.

<jats:p>In this paper, certain dynamic scenarios for general competitive maps in the plane are presented and applied to some cases of second-order difference equation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mfenced open="(" close=")" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0,1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo>…</mml:mo></mml:math>, where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:math> is decreasing in the variable <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> and increasing in the variable <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>. As a case study, we use the difference equation <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mfenced open="(" close=")" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mfenced open="(" close=")" separators="|"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0,1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mo>…</mml:mo></mml:math>, where the initial conditions <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>≥</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:math> and the parameters satisfy <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mo>></mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:math>. In this special case, we characterize completely the global dynamics of this equation by finding the basins of attraction of its equilibria and periodic solutions. We describe the global dynamics as a sequence of global transcritical or period-doubling bifurcations.</jats:p>

In this paper, we investigate the impact of air pollution on the content of photosintetic pigments, and the number, and the sizes of stoma’s cells for Tilia cordata Mill. and Tilia platyphyllos Scop., on three localities in the area of Banja Luka (Borik, Obilicevo i Paprikovac). The obtained results show that the number of stomas of Tilia platyphyllos in average is greater than that of Tilia cordata, particularly in leaves taken from the outer part of treetop comparing to that of the inner part. The dimensions of stomas are greater, in everege, of Tilia cordata than that of Tilia platyphyllos, due to the genetic’s conditions. Total content of the chlorophyll was varied from 1.656 to 5.616 mg/g, and the greater content during the season is established for Tilia cordata than for Tilia platyphyllos. The largest reduction of the number of stomas and photosynthetic pigments is established on the locality of Borik, where the highest concentration of ear pollution is noted. Our results show that changes in the number, the sizes of cells of stomas, and the content of photosynthetic pigments may serve as indicators of the resistance of the chosen species by ear pollution.

Background Mammograms contain information that predicts breast cancer risk. We recently discovered two novel mammogram-based breast cancer risk measures based on image brightness (Cirrocumulus) and texture (Cirrus). It is not known whether these measures improve risk prediction when fitted together, and with an established measure of mammographic density (Cumulus). Methods We used three studies consisting of: 168 interval cases and 498 matched controls; 422 screen-detected cases and 1,197 matched controls; and 354 younger-diagnosis cases and 944 frequency-matched controls. We conducted conditional and unconditional logistic regression analyses of individually- and frequency-matched studies, respectively. We reported risk gradients as change in odds ratio per standard deviation of controls after adjusting for age and body mass index (OPERA). For models involving multiple measures, we calculated the OPERA equivalent to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results For interval, screen-detected and younger-diagnosis cancer, the best fitting models (OPERAs [95% confidence intervals]) were: Cumulus (1.81 [1.41 to 2.31]) and Cirrus (1.7 [1.38 to 2.14]); Cirrus (1.49 [1.32 to 1.67]) and Cirrocumulus (1.16 [1.03 to 1.31]); and Cirrus (1.70 [1.48 to 1.94]) and Cirrocumulus (1.46 [1.27 to 1.68]), respectively. Their OPERA equivalents were: 2.35, 1.58, and 2.28, respectively. Conclusions Our mammogram-based measures improved risk prediction beyond and, except for interval cancers, negated the influence of conventional mammographic density. Combined, these new mammogram-based risk measures are at least as accurate as the current polygenetic risk scores (OPERA ~ 1.6) in predicting, on a population basis, women who will be diagnosed with breast cancer.

Received March 1, 2020 Revised May 10, 2020 Accepted May 25, 2020 In recent decades, due to the rapid consumption of natural resources and the need for environmental protection, sustainability in supply chain management has emerged as an increasingly important issue. Therefore, in this study, supplier selection has been performed in order to achieve sustainability, taking into account all aspects: economic, social and environmental criteria. For this purpose, combined FUCOM Rough SAW approach has been used. The evaluation of criteria grouped at two levels has been carried out by decision makers according to the needs of the company whose main activity is lime production. To obtain the criterion weight values, the FUCOM (FUll COnsistency Method) has been used.. In order to avoid uncertainty and imprecision in the supplier evaluation process, combination with the Rough SAW method, which is used for ranking and supplier selection, has been performed. In order to control the stability of the used model, a sensitivity analysis has been performed. The first phase involves changing the weights of the criteria, while the second phase involves a comparative analysis using other MCDM methods.