Car accident victims can suffer from an acute stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder. In the therapeutic method of desensitization and reprocessing with eye movements (Eye Movements Desensitizing Reprocessing EMDR), trauma with a large "T" includes events that a person perceives as a life-threatening. These events are so saturated, stressful, that they can overcome our usual capacity to fight (Herman 1992). They result in intense fear, extreme feelings of helplessness, and complete loss of control. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) manifest in two types of simultaneous and diametrically opposed behaviors. In one type, the traumatized person cannot escape their trauma, they are forced to get rid of the original event through intrusive symptoms such as flashback episodes, nightmares, panic attacks, and obsessive thoughts. In the second, they, again, must not approach trauma: they are completely isolated from the recollection of trauma by avoiding symptoms and anything that can be associated with the event, such as social isolation, emotional stiffness, and substance dependence. Victims of trauma also have physiological reactions such as insomnia, hypervigilance, and a tendency to be easily intimidated by any recollection of an event, such as a single sound or touch (Shapiro 1997). In the approach to the treatment of PTSD, physicians most often opt for psychopharmacotherapy by combining antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, hypnotics, and atypical antipsychotics (Hasanovi et al. 2011, 2013). The relative short-term efficacy and long-term benefits of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions have rarely been studied for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Different types of psychological therapy have been proposed in the treatment of trauma, including exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and EMDR. EMDR is currently an effective psychological treatment, recognized and recommended as the first line of trauma treatment in a number of international guides (Boccia et al. 2015). In Bosnia and Herzegovina, education for mental health workers EMDR was organized in 2009, and in 2014 Association of EMDR Therapists in Bosnia and Herzegovina was established (Hasanovi et al. 2018, 2021). Accordingly, our capacities to use EMDR in everyday treatment of traumatized patients became a reality (Ališahovi -Gelo & Hasanovi 2018, Hrvi & Hasanovi 2018, Imširovi & Hasanovi 2018, Kokanovi & Hasanovi 2018, Pašali & Hasanovi 2018, Omeragi & Hasanovi 2018, Smaji -Hodži & Hasanovi 2018, Siru i & Hasanovi 2018). The aim is to show the case of a patient who responded favorably to EMDR therapy but did not respond favorably to pharmacotherapy and superficial supportive treatment

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is an integrative psychotherapy approach that has been extensively researched and proven effective for the treatment of trauma. EMDR is a set of standardized protocols that incorporates elements from many different treatment approaches. As EMDR is a mental health intervention, it should only be offered by properly trained and licensed mental health clinicians (Anonymous 2018). An EMDR International Association (EMDRIA) approved EMDR Training provides trained clinicians with the knowledge and skills to utilize EMDR therapy, a comprehensive understanding of case conceptualization and treatment planning, and the ability to integrate EMDR therapy into their clinical practice. Also, an EMDRIA approved EMDR Training provides, at a minimum, instruction in the current explanatory model, methodology, and underlying mechanisms of EMDR through lecture, practice, and integrated consultation. While the EMDRIA Approved EMDR Training Curriculum outlines the minimum requirements which need to be met, the developer of a specific curriculum can enhance or expand any portion as they see fit. This minimum training requirements include: 20 hours instruction material, 20 hours supervised practicum, and 10 hours consultation. Supervised Practicum which needs to be realized in 20 hours has the goal to facilitate the demonstration and practice of the EMDR therapy methodology by trainees (Ališahovi -Gelo 2017, 2018). One cohort consisted of three parts of EMDR training. The first level was realized through three days where trainees were introduced to basic principles of EMDR therapy in interactive lectures about the history of EMDR, eight phases of EMDR protocol, practicing in a small group, in couples and triads under the supervision of trainer and facilitators. The second part of training is intermediate level, and it consisted of practicing of eight phases of EMDR protocol, practicing in small groups, in couples and triads under the supervision of trainer and facilitators, additional theoretical learning, with supervision of case reports that trainees brought from their practice after the first level. Finally, the third part of EMDR training needs three days for realization where trainees were introduced to advanced principles of EMDR therapy and work with the complex medical conditions in interactive lectures following the eight phases of EMDR protocol, practicing in small groups, in couples and triads under supervision of trainer and facilitators, with group supervision of case reports that trainees brought from their practice after the intermediate level. For those who completed all three theoretical parts of EMDR training, they accomplished the condition for the process of supervision, whether in person or by Skype, for acquiring accreditations for European accredited EMDR practitioners, which lasts a minimum of two years under the supervision of accredited EMDR consultants, accredited from EMDR Europe (Hasanovi et al. 2017, 2018). The aim is to describe some personal impressions and self-experience gained during EMDR training and 18 implemented group supervision.

Anxiety is generally defined as a response of the human body to danger or threat. It usually occurs when, on the one hand, a person does not expect that in the future everything will be alright, and on the other hand, does not feel ready for such a future. It can be more precisely defined as a feeling of apprehension, which occurs as a response to a threat that a person considers vital for his/her existence. Anxiety is an unpleasant emotion of fear and apprehension. The main difference between fear and anxiety is that, with fear, there is a real threat in the present. Whereas with anxiety, this threat is anticipated in the future. The purpose of anxiety is explained with the evolution theory (Bujas 2014, Crnkovi 2017). During human evolution, anxiety has served to enable the protection of the system, namely to motivate the adaptive functions inducing the flight-or-flight response in potentially dangerous situations. (Beck et al. 1985, Hawton et al. 2008). Anxiety is an inevitable part of life in the modern world. There are many situations in our everyday life in which it is appropriate to react with a certain level of anxiety. Anxiety becomes a problem when it occurs at times when there is no real danger or when it continues long after the stressful situation had passed. When the acceleration of processes in the body is delayed at the time when no action is needed, a person will notice only the bad sides of anxiety, unpleasant aspects of body changes. After that, anxiety starts affecting a person’s everyday life and it is necessary to learn how to control it. In a later stage of his thinking about anxiety, Freud linked the appearance of anxiety itself to "traumatic situations" in which anxiety develops automatically because the psyche is overwhelmed by an excessive influx of stimuli that it can no longer control and can be relieved of "dangerous situations" in which a person learns to anticipate danger before it becomes traumatic. In anticipation of a dangerous situation, signal anxiety arises, which serves to mobilize forces under the guidance of the Ego, to make the person more prepared to face the traumatic situation or to avoid it. Given that the function of the Ego is to control incoming stimuli or to relieve them effectively, it is to be expected that traumatic situations will occur more frequently in early childhood, when the ego is still relatively weak and underdeveloped (Rudan 2017). Anxiety affects the entire being because it is simultaneously a physiological, behavioral, and psychological reaction. On a physiological level, it can include bodily reactions such as palpitations, muscle tension, nausea, mouth dryness, or sweating. On a behavioral level, anxiety can decrease a person’s ability to act, to express himself/herself, or to deal with everyday situations. Psychologically speaking, anxiety is a subjective state of apprehension and anguish. By itself, anxiety is not an abnormal reaction but a normal manifestation of human nature which is a part of a hereditary repertoire (Born 2012). However, being in a prolonged state of anxiety is a self-devastating tendency in humans. People have a choice to leave the state of anxiety when they realize it is dysfunctional, that is, when it hinders solving problems (Ellis & Harper 1996). Although not abnormal, the state of anxiety does not contribute to efficient problem solving, on the contrary, it interrupts it. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by chronic anxiety that lasts for at least six months. Dealing with generalized anxiety disorder is followed by a worry whose intensity and frequency are always excessive compared with the probability that the events a person is afraid of will ever occur. Generalized anxiety disorder, according to the view that Beck and Emery suggest (according to Born 2012), is manifested with ‘basic fears’ which are more general in nature than specific phobias. Examples of basic fears are: fear of loss of control, fear of not being able to overcome difficulties, fear of rejection or abandonment, fear of death, or illness.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an integrative psychotherapy that has been extensively evaluated in its approach to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In brief, the AIP model is based on the idea that the neurobiological system naturally attempts to process current perceptions in a manner that promotes associations to relevant stored information, to facilitate learning, and to relieve emotional distress. The resulting transfer of information from implicit to explicit memory systems (Shapiro 2001) allows disturbing thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations to be resolved by facilitating access to the stored material and linking it with more adaptive information. However, the intense effect and subsequent dissociation that accompany trauma may interfere with this process, causing the information (e.g., images, thoughts, emotions, and sensations) to be dysfunctionally stored within the memory network. Because the event is isolated within the network, preventing associations with adaptive information, the unresolved material is easily triggered during similar encounters, often leading to intrusive thoughts, emotions, and somatic responses. The consequent habitual response patterns can manifest in characterological difficulties, psychopathology, and the avoidance behaviors associated with phobias and panic disorders (Shapiro 2001, 2002). EMDR s ability to access and target an etiological conditioning event is appreciated and it is also possible to address past, present, and future symptoms in the absence of a known etiological event. Thus, EMDR has the ability to address panic and phobia regardless of the method by which the symptoms, or fear, were acquired. Once the appropriate targets are chosen, the EMDR protocol addresses all experiential components (images, thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations) to stimulate the information processing system as explained by the AIP model (Shapiro 2001, 2002). EMDR was introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), in 1998 just three years after the war (19921995). The first training was organized in 2009, and in 2014 Association of EMDR Therapists in Bosnia and Herzegovina was established (Hasanovi et al. 2018). So the mental health workers who were properly educated started to use EMDR therapies in everyday helping to BH citizens in need (Trlin & Hasanovi 2018, Hasanovi et al. 2021). The aim of the following case to present how EMDR treatment was used to successfully address panic disorder with agoraphobia.

In beyond fifth-generation (B5G) era, massive multiple-input multiple-output (M-MIMO) will be a key technology to offer higher network capacities. Due to the different frequency of uplink and downlink channels in FDD systems, the channel state information (CSI) feedback from user terminal to the base station is necessary, but this reduces the spectrum efficiency. This letter proposes a deep learning based solution to predict the downlink CSI in frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, which is termed as complex-valued three dimensional convolutional neural network (CV-3DCNN). The proposed network uses a complex-valued neural network in complex domain to deal with the complex CSI matrices, and adopts three-dimensional convolution operations for feature extraction. The proposed scheme aims to make full use of the hidden information of the complex matrices of the CSI data, and to minimize information loss caused by data processing. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed architecture can improve accuracy of the downlink CSI prediction by approximately 6 dB.

Energy efficiency (EE) is an important performance metric in communication systems. However, to the best of our knowledge, the energy-efficient resource allocation (RA) problem in non-orthogonal multiple access enabled backscatter communication networks (NOMA-BackComNet) comprehensively considering the user’s quality of service (QoS) has not been investigated. In this letter, we present the first attempt to solve the EE-based RA problem for NOMA-BackComNet with QoS guarantee. The objective is to maximize the EE of users subject to the QoS requirements of users, the decoding order of successive interference cancellation and the reflection coefficient (RC) constraint, where the transmit power of the base station and the RC of the backscatter device are jointly optimized. To solve this non-convex problem, we develop a novel iteration algorithm by using Dinkelbach’s method and the quadratic transformation approach. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in improving the EE by comparing it with the other schemes.

Aim Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours with varying clinical expression and behaviour. Because of indolent behaviour of NENs, reviewing and evaluation of epidemiological characteristics is a challenge. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of NENs at tertiary hospitals considering age, gender, location, and grade. Methods Electronic files were used for a retrospective assessment of the patients with NENs of the gastroenteropancreatic tract and bronchopulmonary system in tertiary hospitals in Bosnia and Herzegovina over the past 15 years (2005-2020). Results Among 438 patients, 291(66.4%) were males and 147 (33.6%) females; the median age was 62 years. The lungs were the most frequent site, 304 (69.4%), followed by the pancreas, 22 (5.0%), colon, 14 (3.2%), stomach, 13 (2.9%), appendix, 13 (2.9%), rectum,11 (2.5%), small intestine, eight (1.8%) and gallbladder, one (0.2%). Metastases were most frequently found in the liver, 35 (8%) and lymph nodes, 15 (3.42%). Conclusion The results were largely consistent with those in literature, including age, gender, location, and the degree of differentiation. Most metastases originated from high-grade tumours and greater impairment of the liver.

Objectives: To avoid hospital spread of Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) and to analyze out of hospital outcomes after amputation. Methods: Prospective analysis of data obtained from 60 diabetic patients in 2020 was performed at Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Personal protection equipment included double surgical mask, glasses, disposable surgical coats, and surgical masks for patients. Swabs were used to take samples from wounds. We randomly divided patients in 2 groups of 30 patients each. In pre-operative treatment, we used local anesthesia lidocaine hydrochloride 2% (Belupo, Koprivnica, Croatia) in group A and systemic analgesia intravenous tramadol chloride 100 mg intravenous (Krka, Novo Mesto, Slovenia) in group B. Wounds were surgically treated each day and heal spontaneously. Periodical control exams were performed. Results: Wound healing did not present any statistically significant differences between groups (group A: 69±21.97 and B: 61±22.13 days, t=−1.22; p=0.11). No statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between groups A and B in wound healing regarding to gender or cigarette use was noted. Conclusion: No significant differences in amputation treatment between the 2 comparative groups were noted. No confirmed COVID-19 infections in medical staff who performed surgical interventions or in treated patients were detected.

The study of atomic spectra is one of the key subjects in teaching physics. It represents a combination of topics such as wave physics, atomic physics, particle physics, etc. Because of its complexity, it takes a well-prepared student and a very creative and resourceful teacher for this subject to be adequately understood and comprehended. This article presents theoretical background with key points in physics that help teachers to better organize their preparation for students and different experimental sets for this specific experiment, such as Nikola Tesla’s transformer or some other high-voltage transformers. Another point of view for this experiment is a variety of subexperiment possibilities to choose from in the execution of this practical exercise. This article also brings some difficulties that both teachers and students experience while preparing or doing this experiment, such as lack of more profound quantum physics knowledge since the conventional approach in teaching this specific topic in high schools and universities focuses on an introductory course in the history of this topic-oriented towards early years of the 20th century.

There are several theoretical models proposing dark matter candidates as well as different experimental searches for dark matter, collider, and non-collider ones. One of the most intriguing dark matter candidates is missing information in the cosmos. This is based on the mass-energy-information equivalence principle presented by M Vopson [1]. This review presents the historical development of this principle from its roots in the 1960s when Landauer principle was firstly presented to the latest data on the estimated value of the mass of one bit of information as well as data on missing energy as potential dark matter. Another theoretical discussion presented here is the reformulation of the second law of thermodynamics as a possible step to great unification. In addition to this theoretical postulation with a mathematical presentation focusing on statistics, we present some of the proposed experiments in this field. Two major proposals are in the direction of using an ultra-accurate balance with measurement uncertainty low enough to be comparable with proposed theoretical limits, and originally developed sensitive interferometer similar to the one in LIGO experiment.