Abstract In spring 2020 both teachers and learners experienced the interruption of education as it had been established for over 150 years and seemed to be unchangeable. The paper focuses on students’ perspectives on how they perceive the changes in learning due to the pandemic educational emergency response based on the results of a survey of students in four countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Poland and Turkey. We aim at discussing the data collected at the end of the 2019-2020 Spring semester. The research focuses on the accessibility of the tools for learning, modes of instruction, as well as interaction patterns. In addition, we present students’ opinions on the difficulties they experienced, the learning strategies they adopted and what aspects of online learning should remain as a regular educational practice after the pandemic period.

Abstract The paper examines the application of computer assisted language learning (CALL) in English language classes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research was designed as an empirical examination of the attitudes of teachers and students on the successful application of computer assisted language learning in English language classrooms in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Lack of motivation is one the problems that most teachers are faced with. There are many causes of poor motivation, but one of them is certainly the unattractiveness and dullness of traditional methods, teaching materials and resources. However, many authors with educational experience point out that the use of information technology can positively influence students’ motivation and encourage them to work actively. While adults, as digital immigrants, might not use modern information technology excessively, children and teens are true digital natives, who have grown up with the latest technologies and use them with great pleasure in all aspects of their lives adapting them to their needs (Prensky, 2001). The results obtained in this research are an indicator of the current attitude of teachers and students towards these issues, but they also highlight some important necessary reforms in the field of teacher education.

Aim To compare different pooling methods in an attempt to improve the COVID-19 PCR diagnostic capacities. Method We developed a novel information-dependent pooling protocol (indept), based on transmission of less informative sequential pools on to the next pooling cycle to maximize savings. We then compared it to the halving, generalized halving, splitting and hypercube protocols in a simulation study, across variety of scenarios. Results All five methods yielded various amount of test savings, which mostly depended on the virus prevalence in the population. In situations of low prevalence (up to 5%), indept had the best performance, requiring on average 20% of tests needed for singular testing across scenarios that were analyzed. Nevertheless, this comes at the expense of speed, with the worst-case scenario of indept protocol requiring up to twice the time needed to test the same number of samples in comparison to the hypercube protocol. In order to offset this, we developed a faster version of the protocol (indeptSp), which minimizes the number of terminal pools and manages to retain savings compared to other protocols, despite marginally longer processing times. Conclusion The increasing demand for more testing globally can benefit from application of pooling, especially in resource-restrained situations of the low- and middle-income countries or situations of high testing demand. Singular testing in situations of low prevalence should be systematically discouraged.

Dysphagia management, from screening procedures to diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches, is about to change dramatically. This change is prompted not solely by great discoveries in medicine or physiology, but by advances in electronics and data science and close collaboration and cross-pollination between these two disciplines. In this editorial, we will provide a brief overview of the role of artificial intelligence in dysphagia management.

Purpose Safe swallowing requires adequate protection of the airway to prevent swallowed materials from entering the trachea or lungs (i.e., aspiration). Laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) is the first line of defense against swallowed materials entering the airway. Absent LVC or mistimed/ shortened closure duration can lead to aspiration, adverse medical consequences, and even death. LVC mechanisms can be judged commonly through the videofluoroscopic swallowing study; however, this type of instrumentation exposes patients to radiation and is not available or acceptable to all patients. There is growing interest in noninvasive methods to assess/monitor swallow physiology. In this study, we hypothesized that our noninvasive sensor- based system, which has been shown to accurately track hyoid displacement and upper esophageal sphincter opening duration during swallowing, could predict laryngeal vestibule status, including the onset of LVC and the onset of laryngeal vestibule reopening, in real time and estimate the closure duration with a comparable degree of accuracy as trained human raters. Method The sensor-based system used in this study is high-resolution cervical auscultation (HRCA). Advanced machine learning techniques enable HRCA signal analysis through feature extraction and complex algorithms. A deep learning model was developed with a data set of 588 swallows from 120 patients with suspected dysphagia and further tested on 45 swallows from 16 healthy participants. Results The new technique achieved an overall mean accuracy of 74.90% and 75.48% for the two data sets, respectively, in distinguishing LVC status. Closure duration ratios between automated and gold-standard human judgment of LVC duration were 1.13 for the patient data set and 0.93 for the healthy participant data set. Conclusions This study found that HRCA signal analysis using advanced machine learning techniques can effectively predict laryngeal vestibule status (closure or opening) and further estimate LVC duration. HRCA is potentially a noninvasive tool to estimate LVC duration for diagnostic and biofeedback purposes without X-ray imaging.

Abstract The paper consists of three parts. In the introduction and the first part of this paper are given basic theoretical considerations on possible ways for treatment of the neutral point in distribution grids with special reference to the method of neutral grounding of distribution transformers through a low ohmic resistor and a compensation coil. The second part gives the use analysis of a low ohmic resistor and a compensation coil as the future choice of neutral point grounding on the particular distribution grid powered by a substation TS 35/10 kV. In the third part of the paper, the results were obtained using an adequate dynamic distribution model, using the EMTP-ATP software package. Also, in this part, calculations are made for neutral grounding through a low ohmic resistor, a compensation coil, as well as in the case of isolated grids, and a comparison of the obtained values of the overvoltage coefficients.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the interplay between consumer ethnocentrism and social identity as concepts with significant relevance for different consumer responses in globalized environment. Design/Methodology/Approach – The paper contains analysis of theoretical foundations, based on social identity theory, as well as conceptual content analysis of selected studies that deal with both the observed concepts. Findings and implications – This paper contributes to deeper insights into the interplay between consumer ethnocentrism and identity, and provides a good foundation for explaining and predicting different consumers’ responses in the globalized environment. From the perspective of social identity theory, ethnocentrism is considered to be an important factor in maintaining social identity and preserving it in the changing environment. This proposition is confirmed by empirical studies that show a positive relation between identity and consumer ethnocentrism. On the other hand, some empirical studies reveal somewhat mixed results which indicate that consumer ethnocentrism does not always correspond with the strength of identity. Also, studies that deal with consumer ethnocentrism and identity in Marija Čutura University of Mostar, Faculty of Economics, Matice hrvatske, bb, 8800 Mostar, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, e-mail: marija.cutura@ef.sum.ba Market-Tržište Vol. 32, Special Issue, 2020, pp. 131-146 UDK 658.89:658.62 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.22598/mt/2020.32.spec-issue.131 Review CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM AND SOCIAL IDENTITY: THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS AND EMPIRICAL STUDIES OVERVIEW POTROŠAČKI ETNOCENTRIZAM I SOCIJALNI IDENTITET: TEORIJSKA POZADINA I PRIKAZ EMPIRIJSKIH STUDIJA

Current tables of wood assortments for the most important tree species in B&H were made almost 50 years ago. There is an indication that real forest wood assortments are different than the one derived from assortment tables in-use, both in terms of quality and dimensions. In the meantime, from the creation of the existing tables until today, the standards of production of forest wood assortments have changed, so that the fact of inaccuracy of the existing assortment tables is unquestionable. This continually creates a variety of problems in the ongoing operations of forestry companies. The main aim of this paper is to create wood assortment tables whose assortment of wood products will correlate with the current market conditions. The research was conducted in the area of the Canton 10 in FB&H.  A sample of 393 spruce trees was used as a database to produce this paper. The bucking of the sample trees was carried out in accordance with the valid norms and customer requirements with regards to the dimensions of forest wood products. Data processing was performed using methods of simple and multiple regressions, variance analysis as well as their combinations by the Generalized Linear Models method. Independent factors were breast diameter (DBH), technical quality class and the height of the trees. The share of wood assortments was determined through 10 different mathematical models, and it was found that all independent variables had a statistically significant influence on the dependent variables- volume of particular assortments or group of assortments. The share of logs is growing rapidly with the increase of tree diameter and decreases with decreasing of their technical quality. The influence of tree height primarily correlated with tree volume increase. Trees having better assortment quality, have tree heights higher than average for the same diameter class. The results of the research are presented in the form of tables as percentage share of wood assortment classes.  The obtained results can be used as wood assortment tables in the research area.

Background: Information and communication technologies (ICT) are widely used in a health care as a result of pharmaceutical informatics and technology developments. There is a huge potential for pharmaceutical practice of technologies utilization in a different practice settings especial community pharmacy and patient counseling. Objective: To evaluate Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) pharmacists` knowledge and attitudes towards informational and communication technologies and extend of its utilization. Methods: Online survey conducted among pharmacists from different practice settings. Results: Pharmacists in BH are familiar and well known regarding importance of informational technologies. 93% are using special pharmaceutical information systems, and majority use technologies and software for prescription processing (47%), calculations (24%) communication (22%) and 9% for Internet search. 90% of pharmacists have profiles on social media mainly Facebook, followed by Instagram and LinekdIn mainly used for networking and communication with peers but less with patients. They have positive attitude regarding potential benefits of using social media for communication with patients and treatment outcomes improvement. Conclusion: Pharmacists in Bosnia and Herzegovina have satisfactory level of information and communication technologies understanding and knowledge. It is of high importance that education of future pharmacist in this field is in line with nature of pharmaceutical informatics in light of its clinical application rather than technical so future pharmacists can contribute to improvements in social media medicines-related information, learn from consumers’ online activities, and design new ways of delivering care to communities and individuals.

Introduction: Diabetes as lifelong chronic disease requires pharmacological treatment using plastic pens and needles. Proper disposal of used pens and needles have impact not just on health but environment as well. In 2020 there will be 3.2 million pens used and disposed in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulting in over 600 tons of this waste. Worldwide problem is related to proper disposal of used insulin pens and sharps. Aim: To investigate and evaluate what are the attitudes, knowledge and practices on insulin pens and needles disposal among diabetes patients in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods: The research was conducted in five cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina in period December 2019–January 2020 using questionnaire consisted of 28 questions distributed among patients with diabetes through their local patient associations. Results: Total 250 diabetes patients participated. 40.4% inject medicines for 2 times per day and 37.6% for three and more times a day. Patients have not been instructed on proper disposal of used pens or needles in 67.6% and 66% respectively. The most appropriate place to dispose used pens is pharmacies and 90% of respondents would participate in program of collecting used pens if one exists. 75.6% of respondents consider improper disposal of pens and needles as healthcare problem, 18.8% see this as ecological problem and for 4% of them this is not a problem at all. Conclusion: Current practice of disposing used insulin pens and sharps is improper. Patients are aware of health and environmental risk. There is a huge opportunity for pharmacists and other healthcare provides to provide better information and counseling diabetes patients on this topic.

There is a significant demand for fast and accurate electromagnetic (EM) imaging of stroke in emergency situations. This article presents a method for encoding the raw S-parameters from the Cartesian matrix to polar grid coordinates with weighting coefficients based on the receiver antenna spatial sensitivity. The polar sensitivity encoding (PSE) scheme is based on the fact that the receiver sensitivity generally has an encoding effect and, in this case, it is applied during the transformation of S-matrices to polar grid, which is geometrically congruent with the shape of the head. The PSE scheme alleviates the need for highly accurate and intricate forward and inverse EM field solvers and mitigates the introduction of numerical errors in addition to the unavoidable experimental uncertainties. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the PSE method is robust to head shifts up to about 5 mm and accurate in localizing strokes in less than a second.

Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20128-w