Background: The rich history of pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been sporadically dealt with systematically, except by enthusiasts and researchers. The only book on this topic was published in 1958, and after the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina, the history of pharmacy was treated mainly as part of the history of medicine. The lack of a culture of memory and a systematic approach to historical heritage brought together a group of experts who deal with this topic in more detail and collect available historical relevant material. Pharmacy as a highly regulated health discipline also in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a legacy of legal acts and documents that depict different periods and the development of pharmacy itself under the influence of circumstances and legislation. Objective: The aim of this paper is to show the development of legislation related to the pharmaceutical sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina through the historical periods of its development. Methods: This is retrospective research based on internet sources, archives and publications available in libraries. Results and Discussion: The available legal regulations and documents through five periods of pharmaceutical development were analysed, from which it can be concluded that the organization of the pharmaceutical industry and its development over time remained stricter. Legal regulations depict the role of pharmacy in the health system, but they also represent sources for further research in this area, and constitute important historiographical material. The analysis of legal regulations speaks volumes about the way pharmaceutical activity is organized, so it is possible to follow the appearance of the first pharmacies, pharmacists, requirements for the quality of medicines, production and the modern role of pharmacists in the health system. Pharmaceutical legislation will certainly be the subject of future negotiations on the accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union, and harmonization with the acquis of the EU is expected in the coming period.

Optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) has long been and is still considered the main test tool for characterizing fiber optic links, i.e. identify and localize refractive and reflective events such as breaks, splices and connectors, and measure their insertion/return loss. Specifically, sufficient dynamic range and thus alike signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) enable clear far-end visibility even of long fiber links. Moreover, under such conditions, the highest achievable optical bit-error-rate (BER) floor is to the large extent determined by major reflective events such as the specific trace distortion caused by connectors and splices, each with significant return loss. Realizing this has provided the opportunity window to extend the standard OTDR capabilities list by the appropriate trace postprocessing to predict the BER floor. Accordingly, considering the SNR high, and thereby the inter-symbol interference dominant error generating mechanism, we applied the time-dispersion channel model that determines the BER floor by the rms delay spread of the (fiber) channel power-delay profile. We verified the BER floor prediction in the exemplar practical test situation, by measuring the actual BER on the same fiber link, and found the obtained values well matching the OTDR based predicted ones. Furthermore, when no dominant reflective events are identified on the OTDR trace, it implies very small time dispersion allowing the OFDM symbol cyclic prefix to always prevent inter-symbol interference. This retains the CFO to solely determine the residual BER floor and vice versa, enabling indirect estimation of CFOinduced phase distortion by simple BER testing. With this regard, we abstracted CFO with the AWGN being justified by the Central Limiting Theorem to enable efficient and quite accurate short-term BER (and so CFO phase error) predictions.

The challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are important and relevant for sustainable development. The aim of this chapter is to review the existing model of economic development, because the COVID-19 pandemic has called into question the effects of structural changes in the economy and manufacturing industry in Serbia. The main contribution of this chapter is the review of development results which show that Serbia is in the process of economic recovery, but that it has not yet embarked on the path of sustainable economic development due to numerous structural problems. Serbia has experience with unsustainable economic development, and this is a strong argument in favor of sustainable concept implementation. In addition, this chapter provides empirical research on structural and technological changes. The obtained results can be used by economic and industrial policy makers to influence the consequences of COVID-19 and to avoid the slowdown of structural reforms. There will be numerous economic, environmental, social, and especially health challenges whose solutions must be sustainable.

For applications as an engineering material, the ability to design properties is of special importance, ie. structuring materials that can be achieved on several levels and in different ways. One of the goals of this research is the development of procedures that would enable the production of silicone polymer nets with improved mechanical, elastic and thermal properties. These materials mainly relate to the dimethylsiloxane structure, which is known for its biocompatibility, in polymeric states. FTIR spectroscopy was used to confirm the presumed mechanism of the siloxane crosslinking reaction. The aim was to further elucidate the mechanism of interaction of silicone materials based on the obtained results of the analysis of mechanical properties of silicone nanocomposites.

The problems of traffic safety and the profession of traffic safety are universal problems that require constant strengthening of the system of education and innovation both in syllabuses and in technologies and techniques applied in the field of traffic safety. The purpose of the innovative approach to the education program is to educate undergraduate and graduate students in the field of traffic safety, in accordance with the needs of society, which should provide an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach to safety of all road users, technical solutions and social response to traffic accidents. Traffic safety problems are complex problems, which is why the competencies and skills acquired by engineers should provide knowledge and a deeper understanding of risk while strengthening the applied and practical skills. Innovative study programs must have a common basis for all directions, with a deep knowledge of mathematics, physics and mechanics with an emphasis on a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to the use of engineering in improving traffic safety.

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The research affirms the meaning and importance of solfeggio as one of the basic areas in the process of music education, and how much does the understanding of its conception affect the overall attitude about its potential and perspectives in the field of music pedagogy. For research purpose, a questionnaire was created aimed at the subjective assessment of respondents about the success of the continuous implementation of online solfeggio classes. Results indicate that online solfeggio classes have their advantages but also various serious issues. The most notable emerging problems are related to the conducting of basic forms of work which require an environment where students can engage with their peers and teacher in a face-to-face setting. Solfeggio classes are based on intensive interaction and many methodical procedures can be successfully performed only in group work and direct communication because the basic disposition of solfeggio teaching is in the classroom.

Canon law - in this case: the Rules (CANONES) of the Orthodox church - mandates that a priest who castrates himself must be defrocked (deprived of ecclesiastical status). This provision appears in the oldest source of canon law, the Apostolic canons (4th century CE), to be repeated in the first canon of the First Council of Nicaea as well as in numerous subsequent codices. In the only instance of autocastration by a priest in the modern era in Serbia (in 1861) that we know of, the provision was not fully implemented. Instead, the autocastrated priest was barred from performing religious services and from wearing epitrachelion (stole, worn around neck when performing rites, without which rites have no effect whatsoever). In time, this interdiction was gradually reduced, until it applied only to leading the liturgy (but not to assisting in it). After that, he was allowed to wear the stole and perform all other religious services, such as prayers, weddings, christenings and funerals. The priest in question was also a monk (hieromonk), but his monastic status, rights and obligations were unaffected by his act of autocastration. Moreover, at one point (in 1868) he was appointed the head of his monastery, to act in the Metropolitan's name. The monastery (Jošanica) was undergoing a deep crisis throughout 1860's: its property was in ruins, while individual monks were prosecuted for various crimes, ranging from homosexuality to attempted murder. At various times, the monastery was unable to service its parish because it lacked priests (hieromonks). It was precisely this shortage of priests that persuaded the church authorities (i.e. the Metropolitan as the head of the then Serbian Orthodox Church) not to defrock the autocastrated priest, notwithstanding the canons. As the Metropolitan himself explained, this was done "out of necessity", in keeping with the Serbian proverb "necessity changes the law".

The paper lists the major projects of international financial organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) after signing the Dayton Peace Agreement to explore the role of international financial organizations in post-Dayton BiH. It discusses the specific contribution and the role of these organizations in functioning of BiH, including financial assistance, credit means, various funds and projects, which have been supposed to lead to the stable functioning of BiH after the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement. The paper explains the role and attentiveness of the Monetary Board in BiH with a focus on its impact on implementation of the international projects. The research question is: “From which sources did the largest funds in BiH come in the period from 1996 to 2020 and how were they related to GDP?”. The paper is based on publicly available data from international financial institutions and the Ministry of Civil Affairs of BiH. The results show that about 71.45 billion dollars entered BiH from international financial institutions through donations, grants, loans, and other various types of assistance. But the funded projects did not have the same priorities every year and in every area. In addition, international funds were used to finance numerous projects aimed at economic recovery and economic development. In the last few years, there

With the advent of novel 2D materials and their rich optical and electronic properties, nonlinear interactions in these systems are receiving great attention due to the scalability potential and production of nanoscale nonlinear devices for applications in frequency conversion devices, advanced laser systems and quantum technologies research and applications.

Background: HIV-positive patients may present lung infections differently, which may hinder differential diagnoses and the choice of treatment in the course of COVID-19, especially in countries with limited access to high standard healthcare. Here we aim to investigate the association between radiological changes and poor COVID-19 outcomes among HIV-positive patients from Central and Eastern Europe. Methods: Since November 2020, the Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network Group started collecting observational data on HIV and COVID-19 co-infections. In total, 16 countries from Central and Eastern European submitted data (eCRF) on 557 HIV-positive patients. The current analyses included patients who had a radiological examination performed. Logistic regression models were used to identify the factors associated with death, ICU admission, and partial recovery (poor COVID-19 outcomes). Factors that were significant in the univariate models (p<0.1) were included in multivariate model. Results: Radiological data were available for 224 (40.2%) patients, 108 (48.2%) had computed tomography, and 116 (51.8%) had a chest X-ray. Of these, 211 (94.2%) were diagnosed using RT-PCR tests, 212 (94.6%) were symptomatic, 123 (55.6%) were hospitalized, 37 (16.6%) required oxygen therapy, and 28 (13.1%) either died, were admitted to ICU, or only partially recovered. From the radiologist’s description, 138 (61.6%) patients had typical radiological changes, 18 (8.0%) atypical changes, and 68 (30.4%) no changes. In the univariate models, CD4 count (OR=0.86 [95% CI: 0.76–0.98]), having a comorbidity (2.33 [1.43–3.80]), HCV and/or HBV co-infection (3.17 [1.32–7.60]), being currently employed (0.31 [0.13–0.70]), being on antiretroviral therapy (0.22 [0.08–0.63]), and having typical (3.90 [1.12–13.65]) or atypical (10.8 [2.23–52.5]) radiological changes were all significantly associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes. In the multivariate model, being on antiretroviral therapy (OR=0.20 [95% CI:0.05–0.80]) decreased the odds of poor COVID-19 outcomes;while having a comorbidity (2.12 [1.20–3.72]), or either typical (4.23 [1.05–17.0]) or atypical (6.39 [1.03–39.7]) radiological changes (vs no changes) increased the odds of poor COVID-19 outcomes. Conclusions: Among HIV patients diagnosed with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, the presence of either typical or atypical radiological COVID-19 changes independently predicted poorer outcomes.