A congenital hernia into the umbilical cord (CHUM) is often misinterpreted as a mild form of omphalocele. Herniated content in CHUM can be either the solitary intestinal loop or persistent omphalomesenteric duct (POMD) with the potential for traumatic injury in a case of inadequate examination of the umbilical cord and its clamping in the delivery room. Herein, we report a case of a male newborn with a functional bowel obstruction due to peritonitis caused by necrosis of iatrogenically clamped POMD in the CHUM. A 2-day-old full-term male infant was referred to the emergency department with a 1 day history of bilious vomiting, a gradual increase in abdominal distension, and absence of passage of meconium. The infant was born at 38 weeks’ gestation with a birthweight of 2,885 g. The baby was born following an uncomplicated pregnancy and a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. The Apgar scores were eight at both 1 and 5 min. On physical examination, his abdomen was slightly distended by an umbilical ligation clip placed approximately 2.5 cm from the enlarged base of the umbilical cord (Fig. 1a). The stump of the umbilical cord was thickened and red. The baby was pale and dehydrated. An abdominal radiograph showed dilated small bowel loops due to small bowel obstruction (Fig. 1b). After resuscitation, a surgical exploration via a circumumbilical incision revealed a clamped POMD in the umbilical cord. The top of the POMD was crushed by the umbilical cord clamp (Fig. 1c). The POMD was resected at its base on the ileal loop. The ileal loop was closed transversely using 5-0 Vicryl by single-layer extra mucosal-interrupted sutures. The postoperative recovery was uneventful at a follow up of 8 years. Evaluation of the umbilical cord is a routine part of every newborn examination in the delivery room. Any suspected abnormal thickening of the base of the umbilical cord or any other malformations found should be further evaluated by a neonatologist or pediatric surgeon. Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord is a type of ventral abdominal wall defect in which the bowel usually herniates into the base of normally inserted umbilical cord through a patent umbilical ring. The condition results from a failure of return of intestine loops following the physiological gut herniation around 10–12 weeks of gestation. Due to similar morphologic features, characterized by coverage of eviscerated abdominal contents with a sac comprising outer amnion and inner peritoneal lining, CHUM may be easily misdiagnosed as a small omphalocele. Unlike an omphalocele, CHUM has an intact abdominal wall with adequate muscle development and a complete umbilical ring covered by a small cuff of skin about ~2.5 cm. Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord is usually not linked to chromosomal abnormalities but cases of trisomy 13 associated with CHUM have been reported in the literature. However, if missed, this condition can lead to intestinal damage by a low-placed umbilical cord clamp as it is shown in our illustrative case. Although very rare, similar complications have been reported in the literature. The prevention of inadvertent bowel injury during cord clamping at delivery is possible with increased awareness and knowledge regarding CHUM. Primary prevention includes the prenatal sonographic CHUM detection characterized by intestinal protrusion only into the base of the hernia. The most important preventive measure if the umbilical cord is broad based is the umbilical cord clamping at a safe distance from the basis (at least 5 cm from the abdominal wall). In conclusion, a careful inspection of the umbilical cord of all newborns in the delivery room is essential to identify any clinically relevant umbilical abnormality (e.g., a persistence of CHUM with POMD). This would prevent any iatrogenic gut injury during umbilical cord clamping. Although these complications are rare, they should be kept in mind when performing umbilical cord clamping.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is primarily known for his philosophy and medicine, but there is almost no scientific discipline in which this great man didn't leave a significant mark. This paper gives a brief overview of his contribution to medicine and psychology through which his unique scientific and religious approach to the study of the phenomena of human being can be best seen. Medical works of Ibn Sina represent a pinnacle of most important medical achievements of his time. These works contain synthesis of all Greek, Indian and Iranian medical schools, but also new breakthroughs achieved by Muslim scholars through their own experimentation and practice. Although he wrote many medical works, his most important one is El-Kanun fit-tib, which can be translated as The Canon of Medicine. It's made out of five books which systematically show everything known in the area of medicine up until that point in time. In it, Ibn Sina discusses, among other things, the structure of psychological apparatus of human being and the connection of psychological functions with the brain. He considered psychology to be very important for medicine, so in his psychological works he discusses, in great detail, the essence of human soul, consciousness, intellect and other psychological functions. He observed a man in his entirety, taking into consideration all aspects of his existence, paying special attention to spiritual knowledge and spiritual perfection, religiosity, and methods of achieving inner peace and well-being.

Abstract One of the most important environmental factors, which affects the environment of a healthy life is diet. About 75% of new diseases that have occurred since 2000 in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina have come from animals or products of animal origin. So-called zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans most often through food. In addition to zoonoses, contamination of soil, water, air and plants also affects, to a large extent, directly or indirectly the environment of a healthy life. Soil, air, water and plants can be contaminated with pollutants such as heavy metals in the soil or dangerous substances that produce certain types of mushrooms, all of which are transferred in many ways to food production processes. The research define the characteristics of a healthy living environment complemented with healthy food, then explain and demonstrate, on appropriate examples, what are the hazards or hazardous places in food production and show how to reduce the likelihood of their occurrence using the standard and applicable regulations.

A detailed examination of the principle of operation behind the functioning of the full-self-powered humidity sensor is presented. The sensor has been realized as a structure consisting of an interdigitated capacitor with aluminum thin-film digits. In this work, the details of its fabrication and activation are described in detail. The performed XRD, FTIR, SEM, AFM, and EIS analyses, as well as noise measurements, revealed that the dominant process of electricity generation is the electrochemical reaction between the sensor’s aluminum electrodes and the water from humid air in the presence of oxygen, which was the main goal of this work. The response of the sensor to human breath is also presented as a demonstration of its possible practical application.

ABSTRACT Pure hematite nanorods and very long and thin cobalt-doped hematite nanorods (nanoneedles) were prepared by a combined precipitation and annealing method. The influence of the level of cobalt doping on different properties of hematite nanorods was investigated. Incorporation of cobalt in the form of low-spin Co3+ ions into the structure of hematite by substitution for high-spin Fe3+ ions was proved by determination of a significant unit cell contraction by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and characteristic positions of the absorption edge in X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra and peaks in X-ray emission (XES) spectra. Cobalt doping caused a gradual elongation and thinning of hematite nanorods – very long and thin 1D nanoparticles (nanoneedles) were formed in the presence of 10 and 12 mol% Co. Magnetic measurements showed a strong increase in low-temperature remanent magnetization and coercivity upon cobalt doping, as well as a disappearance of the Morin transition, which was also confirmed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Cobalt doping significantly affected optical properties of hematite nanorods – absorption in the visible and NIR ranges increased, which was accompanied by narrowing of the optical band gap. Compared with pure hematite nanorods cobalt-doped hematite nanoneedles showed a significantly better electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

Acacetin, apigenin, chrysin, and pinocembrin are flavonoid aglycones found in foods such as parsley, honey, celery, and chamomile tea. Flavonoids can act as substrates and inhibitors of the CYP3A4 enzyme, a heme containing enzyme responsible for the metabolism of one third of drugs on the market. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of selected flavonoids on the CYP3A4 enzyme, the kinetics of inhibition, the possible covalent binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme, and whether flavonoids can act as pseudo-irreversible inhibitors. For the determination of inhibition kinetics, nifedipine oxidation was used as a marker reaction. A hemochromopyridine test was used to assess the possible covalent binding to the heme, and incubation with dialysis was used in order to assess the reversibility of the inhibition. All the tested flavonoids inhibited the CYP3A4 enzyme activity. Chrysin was the most potent inhibitor: IC50 = 2.5 ± 0.6 µM, Ki = 2.4 ± 1.0 µM, kinact = 0.07 ± 0.01 min−1, kinact/Ki = 0.03 min−1 µM−1. Chrysin caused the highest reduction of heme (94.5 ± 0.5% residual concentration). None of the tested flavonoids showed pseudo-irreversible inhibition. Although the inactivation of the CYP3A4 enzyme is caused by interaction with heme, inhibitor-heme adducts could not be trapped. These results indicate that flavonoids have the potential to inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme and interact with other drugs and medications. However, possible food–drug interactions have to be assessed clinically.

OBJECTIVE   We aimed to confirm whether serum on admission homocysteine level (HCY) and red cell distribution width (RDW) value are independent risk factors for MACE incidence in patients with STEMI myocardial infarction treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as well as the possibility of their joint assessment in order to enhance the risk stratification for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were included in the study and tested for blood HCY and RDW values. Patients were followed up for six months after discharge and evaluated for MACE occurrence. RESULTS The RDW value was significantly associated with HCY level (r=0.267, p=0.026). Univariate logistic regression analysis identified both the RDW and HCY as independent predictors of MACE (OR 2.179; CI 95% 1.250 to 3.797; p=0.006 and OR 1.108; CI 95% 1.013 to 1.213; p=0.025, respectively), naming RDW as a stronger predictor of unfavorable prognosis in AMI patients. Addition of HCY to RDW value in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis increased the area under the curve (AUC) from 0.705 to 0.730 (p=0.007), while risk prediction model, which also included traditional risk factors, increased AUC up to 0.806, implying this model as good predictor of MACE both in low-risk and high-risk STEMI patients. CONCLUSIONS A high baseline HCY level and RDW value in patients with STEMI undergoing PCI is independently associated with increased risk for MACE outcome. Their joint assessment increases risk prediction ability.

Abstract Soil pH is generally considered a master variable, controlling a wide range of physical, chemical and biological properties, including a significant effect on microbial processes responsible for production and consumption of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. Evidence of this pH impact on microbial denitrification mainly stems from observations in controlled laboratory experiments, while the results from field studies are mainly short-term, more variable and circumstantial. Soil pH is also one of the main factors controlling the availability of soil phosphorous (P), which has been also linked with N2O emissions. Here, we utilised an existing intensive grassland liming and P trial to investigate the effect of longer-term lime and P management and their interaction on N2O emissions and grassland productivity. The treatment plots were subject to different liming and P fertilisation strategies over 8 years and had a wide gradient of soil pH (5.1–6.9) and extractable P (2.3–8.3 mg kg−1). All plots received a total of 300 kg ha−1 of fertiliser nitrogen (N), applied in 8 splits across the growing season. N2O emissions, soil mineral N and grass yields were measured over 12-month period. We found a negative linear relationship between soil pH and cumulative N2O emissions, with a decrease in N2O emissions up to 39 % from limed plots compared to the unlimed control. The same effect was observed in relation to N2O emission factors and yield-scaled N2O emissions. Extractable soil P content had positive effect on yields, but no effect of P or P and pH interaction was observed in terms of direct N2O emissions or yield-scaled N2O emissions. We estimated that the increase in soil pH of grasslands in Ireland over the last 12 years potentially reduced national N2O emissions by 95 Gg CO2-eq yr−1, with potential for a further reduction by up to 254 Gg CO2-eq yr−1 if all the remaining acidic soils are brought up to optimal pH.

The critical zone (CZ) is the region of the Earth’s surface that extends from the bottom of the weathered bedrock to the tree canopy and is important because of its ability to store water and support ecosystems. A growing number of studies use active source shallow seismic refraction to explore and define the size and structure of the CZ across landscapes. However, measurement uncertainty and model resolution at depth are generally not evaluated, which makes the identification and interpretation of CZ features inconclusive. To reliably resolve seismic velocity with depth, we implement a Transdimensional Hierarchical Bayesian (THB) framework with reversible‐jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo to generate samples from the posterior distribution of velocity structures. We also perform 2D synthetic tests to explore how well THB traveltime inversion can resolve different subsurface velocity structures. We find that THB recovers both sharp changes in velocity as well as gradual velocity increases with depth. Furthermore, we explore the velocity structure in a series of ridge‐valley systems in northern California. The posterior velocity model shows an increasing thickness of low velocity material from channels to ridgetops along a transect parallel to bedding strike, implying a deeper weathering zone below ridgetops and hillslopes than below channels. The THB method enhances the ability to reliably image CZ structure, and the model uncertainty estimates it yields provides an objective way to interpret deep CZ structure. The method can be applied across other near‐surface studies, especially in the presence of significant surface topography.

Single slit diffraction is part of many high-school physics curricula throughout the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether high-school physics teachers from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia are adequately prepared to discuss with their students about various aspects of the single slit diffraction pattern, particularly about vertical length of diffraction fringes. To that end we conducted a written survey which included 57 high-school physics teachers. Besides asking teachers about students’ difficulties in learning about single slit diffraction, we also asked them to specify their own difficulties with this topic and required them to solve a conceptual task. Almost every second teacher believed that vertical length of diffraction fringes can be increased by changing shape or width of the slit and only 1 out of 57 teachers managed to correctly answer why diffraction fringes become shorter when we move away from the central maximum. We concluded that physics teacher education programmes should be changed to develop understanding of both, horizontal and vertical aspects of the diffraction pattern. To that end it is useful to provide learning opportunities which encourage combining ray and wave model of light.

Societal importance and the quality of scientific research highly depend on the usefulness of the results of research for the societal and scientific community. The wish to allocate the funds to high-quali-ty research and to establish right criteria for scientific evaluation and academic career progression, make scientific criteria increasingly important to measure the quality of research and knowledge valorization. However, it is very difficult to apply the right criteria which can objectively assess scientific research. For many years, there has been a great interest in scientific ranking and evaluation of scientific journals, but also of sci-entific contribution of scientists. It is generally accepted that the IF (WoS) and the total number of citations of articles published in the journal, are the most relevant parameters of the journal's significance. However, the significance of a scientist and the value of their scientific production are much more complicated to evaluate and they cannot be directly reflected by the importance of the journals in which their articles are published. In this article, the authors describe and evaluate the most known scientific databases which are used in science. The majority of existing science metric systems, which evaluate the achievement of scientists are focused solely on the number of citations of their articles. For example, H-index, which is calculated as the lowest ranked ar-ticle which number of citations matches its ranking number, has considerable shortcoming because it does not take into account the individual contribution of each author and allows expanding author lists with authors whose contribution may be insignificant or none. Therefore, the authors propose Z-score, as a new science met-ric system, which takes into account the author's contribution to the scientific article and greatly remedy major discrepancies in evaluating scientific production of individual authors and institutions.

Focal epilepsy is one of the most frequent specific type of epilepsies, with 30% treatment-resistant patients. There are several directions researchers can follow to improve existing treatment of focal epilepsy: synthesis of new compounds with anticonvulsant activity, repurposing drugs approved for other indications, finding drugs targeted to specific genetic and biochemical defects that underlie focal epilepsy syndromes, development of viral vectors for specific gene therapy, creation of devices and methods for suppression of seizures by electrostimulation and development of methods to increase safety of epilepsy surgery. Improvement of efficacy and safety of current therapies is necessary, as well as developing targeted treatment of genetic epilepsy syndromes that will not only suppress seizures, but stop further epileptogenesis.