Single slit diffraction is part of many high-school physics curricula throughout the world. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether high-school physics teachers from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia are adequately prepared to discuss with their students about various aspects of the single slit diffraction pattern, particularly about vertical length of diffraction fringes. To that end we conducted a written survey which included 57 high-school physics teachers. Besides asking teachers about students’ difficulties in learning about single slit diffraction, we also asked them to specify their own difficulties with this topic and required them to solve a conceptual task. Almost every second teacher believed that vertical length of diffraction fringes can be increased by changing shape or width of the slit and only 1 out of 57 teachers managed to correctly answer why diffraction fringes become shorter when we move away from the central maximum. We concluded that physics teacher education programmes should be changed to develop understanding of both, horizontal and vertical aspects of the diffraction pattern. To that end it is useful to provide learning opportunities which encourage combining ray and wave model of light.

Societal importance and the quality of scientific research highly depend on the usefulness of the results of research for the societal and scientific community. The wish to allocate the funds to high-quali-ty research and to establish right criteria for scientific evaluation and academic career progression, make scientific criteria increasingly important to measure the quality of research and knowledge valorization. However, it is very difficult to apply the right criteria which can objectively assess scientific research. For many years, there has been a great interest in scientific ranking and evaluation of scientific journals, but also of sci-entific contribution of scientists. It is generally accepted that the IF (WoS) and the total number of citations of articles published in the journal, are the most relevant parameters of the journal's significance. However, the significance of a scientist and the value of their scientific production are much more complicated to evaluate and they cannot be directly reflected by the importance of the journals in which their articles are published. In this article, the authors describe and evaluate the most known scientific databases which are used in science. The majority of existing science metric systems, which evaluate the achievement of scientists are focused solely on the number of citations of their articles. For example, H-index, which is calculated as the lowest ranked ar-ticle which number of citations matches its ranking number, has considerable shortcoming because it does not take into account the individual contribution of each author and allows expanding author lists with authors whose contribution may be insignificant or none. Therefore, the authors propose Z-score, as a new science met-ric system, which takes into account the author's contribution to the scientific article and greatly remedy major discrepancies in evaluating scientific production of individual authors and institutions.

Focal epilepsy is one of the most frequent specific type of epilepsies, with 30% treatment-resistant patients. There are several directions researchers can follow to improve existing treatment of focal epilepsy: synthesis of new compounds with anticonvulsant activity, repurposing drugs approved for other indications, finding drugs targeted to specific genetic and biochemical defects that underlie focal epilepsy syndromes, development of viral vectors for specific gene therapy, creation of devices and methods for suppression of seizures by electrostimulation and development of methods to increase safety of epilepsy surgery. Improvement of efficacy and safety of current therapies is necessary, as well as developing targeted treatment of genetic epilepsy syndromes that will not only suppress seizures, but stop further epileptogenesis.

The volume Remembrance and Forgiveness, edited by Ajlina Karamehić-Muratović and Laura Kromják, brings together a diversity of disciplines, authors, and cultural contexts to discuss the legacies of the post-Holocaust era genocides by focusing on the (de)mobilisation of memory in seeking truth, justice, and forgiveness. The book provides a compendious overview of the social, historical, and political contexts behind the insurgencies and gives a better sense of understanding of (the obstacles to) the healing process and reconciliation in the global frame.

A detailed examination of the principle of operation behind the functioning of the full-self-powered humidity sensor is presented. The sensor has been realized as a structure consisting of an interdigitated capacitor with aluminum thin-film digits. In this work, the details of its fabrication and activation are described in detail. The performed XRD, FTIR, SEM, AFM, and EIS analyses, as well as noise measurements, revealed that the dominant process of electricity generation is the electrochemical reaction between the sensor’s aluminum electrodes and the water from humid air in the presence of oxygen, which was the main goal of this work. The response of the sensor to human breath is also presented as a demonstration of its possible practical application.

ABSTRACT Pure hematite nanorods and very long and thin cobalt-doped hematite nanorods (nanoneedles) were prepared by a combined precipitation and annealing method. The influence of the level of cobalt doping on different properties of hematite nanorods was investigated. Incorporation of cobalt in the form of low-spin Co3+ ions into the structure of hematite by substitution for high-spin Fe3+ ions was proved by determination of a significant unit cell contraction by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and characteristic positions of the absorption edge in X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra and peaks in X-ray emission (XES) spectra. Cobalt doping caused a gradual elongation and thinning of hematite nanorods – very long and thin 1D nanoparticles (nanoneedles) were formed in the presence of 10 and 12 mol% Co. Magnetic measurements showed a strong increase in low-temperature remanent magnetization and coercivity upon cobalt doping, as well as a disappearance of the Morin transition, which was also confirmed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Cobalt doping significantly affected optical properties of hematite nanorods – absorption in the visible and NIR ranges increased, which was accompanied by narrowing of the optical band gap. Compared with pure hematite nanorods cobalt-doped hematite nanoneedles showed a significantly better electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

The critical zone (CZ) is the region of the Earth’s surface that extends from the bottom of the weathered bedrock to the tree canopy and is important because of its ability to store water and support ecosystems. A growing number of studies use active source shallow seismic refraction to explore and define the size and structure of the CZ across landscapes. However, measurement uncertainty and model resolution at depth are generally not evaluated, which makes the identification and interpretation of CZ features inconclusive. To reliably resolve seismic velocity with depth, we implement a Transdimensional Hierarchical Bayesian (THB) framework with reversible‐jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo to generate samples from the posterior distribution of velocity structures. We also perform 2D synthetic tests to explore how well THB traveltime inversion can resolve different subsurface velocity structures. We find that THB recovers both sharp changes in velocity as well as gradual velocity increases with depth. Furthermore, we explore the velocity structure in a series of ridge‐valley systems in northern California. The posterior velocity model shows an increasing thickness of low velocity material from channels to ridgetops along a transect parallel to bedding strike, implying a deeper weathering zone below ridgetops and hillslopes than below channels. The THB method enhances the ability to reliably image CZ structure, and the model uncertainty estimates it yields provides an objective way to interpret deep CZ structure. The method can be applied across other near‐surface studies, especially in the presence of significant surface topography.

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is primarily known for his philosophy and medicine, but there is almost no scientific discipline in which this great man didn't leave a significant mark. This paper gives a brief overview of his contribution to medicine and psychology through which his unique scientific and religious approach to the study of the phenomena of human being can be best seen. Medical works of Ibn Sina represent a pinnacle of most important medical achievements of his time. These works contain synthesis of all Greek, Indian and Iranian medical schools, but also new breakthroughs achieved by Muslim scholars through their own experimentation and practice. Although he wrote many medical works, his most important one is El-Kanun fit-tib, which can be translated as The Canon of Medicine. It's made out of five books which systematically show everything known in the area of medicine up until that point in time. In it, Ibn Sina discusses, among other things, the structure of psychological apparatus of human being and the connection of psychological functions with the brain. He considered psychology to be very important for medicine, so in his psychological works he discusses, in great detail, the essence of human soul, consciousness, intellect and other psychological functions. He observed a man in his entirety, taking into consideration all aspects of his existence, paying special attention to spiritual knowledge and spiritual perfection, religiosity, and methods of achieving inner peace and well-being.

BACKGROUND Indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms affects children's health and academic perfor-mance. The aim of this pilot study was to determine IAQ in elementary schools different in their inter-nal and external characteristics, in settings of COVID-19 epidemics. METHODS IAQ parameters: fine particulate matter (PM2,5) mass concentration, CO2 concentration, tempera-ture and relative humidity were measured in parallel in four elementary schools/classrooms during October (non-heating season) and four months (including holiday in January) of heating season. IAQ parameters were measured in settings of anti-epidemic restrictions (≤13 students in classroom, frequent ventilation). RESULTS During October, except in one school, PM2,5 concentrations were below the upper recommended value (25 μg/m³), but started rising in all schools in the heating season. The highest concentrations of PM2,5 were registered in two schools with closed or shortly opened windows. CO2 concentrations were mostly in the recommended range (up to 1000ppm) except in the school with constantly closed windows and in three schools in February when concentrations were higher. Except in one, the same school, and in January, both temperature and relative humidity were out of the recommended range (24,0-27,0°C in non-heating; 20,0-24,0°C in heating season; and 45-55%), with temperature mainly above and relative humidity mainly below it in three schools. The largest deviation in temperature and relative humidity were registered in urban schools. Registered differ-ences may be explained by different internal and external characteristics. CONCLUSION Despite anti-epidemic restrictions, most of the measured IAQ parameters were out of the recom-mended values in heating season. In addition, further deterioration of IAQ could be expected if all students had been presented in the classroom. Finally, to assure a healthy school environment in heating season, further optimisation of both indoor and outdoor conditions is needed in both pandemic and non-pandemic settings.

A congenital hernia into the umbilical cord (CHUM) is often misinterpreted as a mild form of omphalocele. Herniated content in CHUM can be either the solitary intestinal loop or persistent omphalomesenteric duct (POMD) with the potential for traumatic injury in a case of inadequate examination of the umbilical cord and its clamping in the delivery room. Herein, we report a case of a male newborn with a functional bowel obstruction due to peritonitis caused by necrosis of iatrogenically clamped POMD in the CHUM. A 2-day-old full-term male infant was referred to the emergency department with a 1 day history of bilious vomiting, a gradual increase in abdominal distension, and absence of passage of meconium. The infant was born at 38 weeks’ gestation with a birthweight of 2,885 g. The baby was born following an uncomplicated pregnancy and a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery. The Apgar scores were eight at both 1 and 5 min. On physical examination, his abdomen was slightly distended by an umbilical ligation clip placed approximately 2.5 cm from the enlarged base of the umbilical cord (Fig. 1a). The stump of the umbilical cord was thickened and red. The baby was pale and dehydrated. An abdominal radiograph showed dilated small bowel loops due to small bowel obstruction (Fig. 1b). After resuscitation, a surgical exploration via a circumumbilical incision revealed a clamped POMD in the umbilical cord. The top of the POMD was crushed by the umbilical cord clamp (Fig. 1c). The POMD was resected at its base on the ileal loop. The ileal loop was closed transversely using 5-0 Vicryl by single-layer extra mucosal-interrupted sutures. The postoperative recovery was uneventful at a follow up of 8 years. Evaluation of the umbilical cord is a routine part of every newborn examination in the delivery room. Any suspected abnormal thickening of the base of the umbilical cord or any other malformations found should be further evaluated by a neonatologist or pediatric surgeon. Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord is a type of ventral abdominal wall defect in which the bowel usually herniates into the base of normally inserted umbilical cord through a patent umbilical ring. The condition results from a failure of return of intestine loops following the physiological gut herniation around 10–12 weeks of gestation. Due to similar morphologic features, characterized by coverage of eviscerated abdominal contents with a sac comprising outer amnion and inner peritoneal lining, CHUM may be easily misdiagnosed as a small omphalocele. Unlike an omphalocele, CHUM has an intact abdominal wall with adequate muscle development and a complete umbilical ring covered by a small cuff of skin about ~2.5 cm. Congenital hernia into the umbilical cord is usually not linked to chromosomal abnormalities but cases of trisomy 13 associated with CHUM have been reported in the literature. However, if missed, this condition can lead to intestinal damage by a low-placed umbilical cord clamp as it is shown in our illustrative case. Although very rare, similar complications have been reported in the literature. The prevention of inadvertent bowel injury during cord clamping at delivery is possible with increased awareness and knowledge regarding CHUM. Primary prevention includes the prenatal sonographic CHUM detection characterized by intestinal protrusion only into the base of the hernia. The most important preventive measure if the umbilical cord is broad based is the umbilical cord clamping at a safe distance from the basis (at least 5 cm from the abdominal wall). In conclusion, a careful inspection of the umbilical cord of all newborns in the delivery room is essential to identify any clinically relevant umbilical abnormality (e.g., a persistence of CHUM with POMD). This would prevent any iatrogenic gut injury during umbilical cord clamping. Although these complications are rare, they should be kept in mind when performing umbilical cord clamping.

Abstract One of the most important environmental factors, which affects the environment of a healthy life is diet. About 75% of new diseases that have occurred since 2000 in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina have come from animals or products of animal origin. So-called zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans most often through food. In addition to zoonoses, contamination of soil, water, air and plants also affects, to a large extent, directly or indirectly the environment of a healthy life. Soil, air, water and plants can be contaminated with pollutants such as heavy metals in the soil or dangerous substances that produce certain types of mushrooms, all of which are transferred in many ways to food production processes. The research define the characteristics of a healthy living environment complemented with healthy food, then explain and demonstrate, on appropriate examples, what are the hazards or hazardous places in food production and show how to reduce the likelihood of their occurrence using the standard and applicable regulations.