Hans Peterson, MD, PhD, FEFMI, FACMI, FIMIA, FIAHSI (1928-2021), became a certified physician in Sweden in 1958 and was awarded a doctorate in Medicine in 1967 (1-4). He was an ophthalmology fellow at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm University, and was appointed to faculty positions in Ophthalmology and Medical Informatics at the Karolinska in the late 1970’s.

Medical informatics, as much as it is a result of evolution as planned philosophy, have its roots in the history of information technology and medicine. Development of medical informatics started in the fifties of the 20th century. In the period after Second World War USA was the leading country in the field of Computer science and the leader in using the first computers in medicine and healthcare services. The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) during the last two decades of 20th century was particularly important for development of medical informatics, with great influence of Internet by medical professionals at every level of health care system. Comprehensive and essential contents on medical informatics, but also the aspects nurtured by the main „schools of Medical informatics“ - Anglo-Saxon (Abbot, Anderson, etc.), French (Gremy, Remond, etc.), German (Reichhertz). et al.), American (Collen, Green, et al.), Middle and East Europe (Dezelic, Masic, Zvarova, Naszlady, Mihalas, etc.), whose terms „Health Informatics“ (Abbot) and „Medical Informatics“ (Gremy and Reichertz) have entered the European and world medical literature. For those studying the subject or working in the field, the experiences of others who use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for the better of health care can provide a necessary perspective. In promotion and spreading the knowledge and experiences of the medical informatics as scientific and academic discipline in the world, great impact was given by IMIA and its „branch associations“ at every continent. But, most influential association became European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI), established on September 11th 1976 in Copenhagen with members of 10 national representatives (Barry Barber (UK), Antonio Perens de Talens (Italy), Francois Grémy (France), Rolf Hansen (Norway), Mogens Jorgensen (Denmark), Hans Peterson (Sweden), Peter Leo Reichertz (Germany), Jan Roukens (Netherlands), Jan van Egmond (Belgium) and Ilkka Vaananen (Finland) who adopted Statute of EFMI and other documents and prepared the first MIE Conference in Cambridge (UK) in 1978. Today EFMI represent leading European medical informatics professional organization representing 28 European countries and institutional members. EFMI is organized as a non-profit organization concerned with the theory and practice of Information Science and Technology within the Health and Health Sciences sector, in a European context. The goals set of EFMI are: a) To advance international co-operation and dissemination of information in Medical Informatics on a European basis; b) To promote high standards in the application of medical informatics; c) To promote research and development in medical informatics; d) To encourage high standards in education in medical informatics; and e) To function as the autonomous European Regional Council of IMIA. Author of this article described the facts about important events which EFMI, with contribution of national societies, members of EFMI, organized during 45 years of existence, including important facts about the influential medical informatics experts. Finally, author shortly described important facts about history of development of Health informatics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and South-Eastern Europe, including facts about his activities during long period of his participation in IMIA General Assembly and EFMI Council. There he was very actively involved in a lot of activities, including organization of 22nd MIE Conference in Sarajevo in 2009.

COVID-19 pandemic asks the engagement of all experts in different medical fields to help in solving consequences such an overwhelming success that we follow it with COVID-19 Management, including Medical Informatics experts.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to advance the theory and contribute to the practice of luxury perfumes’ shelf management by decoding the relationship between attention on the shelf, purchase decision-making, and brand recall. It employs an eye-tracking experiment to analyze attention spans and fixations, which is combined with a questionnaire to uncover recall and purchase intent. The research identifies attention patterns and the influence of attention on recall and purchase intention. It further reveals the main factors that influence attention on the shelf in the luxury perfume industry. This is a milestone for further elaboration on the benefits of the fashion mainstream for luxury perfumes and the debate regarding whether luxury perfumes should be treated similar to mainstream fashion or similar to any other product in basic shelf management rules. This study enables shelf managers and marketers to place the perfumes both on the shelf and in consumer minds to maintain a top-of-the-mind brand position. Managerial implications are significant and address perfume industry packaging as well as shelf positioning.

Abstract This study explores revenue recognition and reporting expenses relevant to the stage of completion of the contract agreements. Literature suggests that the taxation effects financial reporting, realization of capital gains as well as revenue recognition. We argue that construction firms make use of these estimates to postpone revenue and value added tax recognition. The analysis grounds on the assumption that the value added tax effects timely recognition of revenues from construction agreements, where managers are incentivized to underestimating stage of completion and suppress recognition of gross earnings to better align emerging of the value tax related liability with contracted and expected inflows of cash. Results show that the revenue recognition is positively associated with reported income before tax and cost of material as a direct expense that can be allocated to the execution of construction agreements. These findings build baseline for future research that assesses effects of newly adopted standard IFRS 15 on real earnings management practice in construction industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a patient with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), with an overview of the modality of diagnosis, and the treatment of the patient. Exome analysis showed two variants in exon 6 of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) gene have been determined: missense variant 1) NM_001360.2: c.470T>C (p.Leu157Pro) and 2) nonsense variant c.452G>A (W151*). Therefore the DHCR7 genotype of the patient is NM_001360.2: c.[470T>C; c.452G>A]. The proband, aged 6 years, has global developmental retardation with missing contact gaze and lacking motor development for her age and with peripheral spastic-enhanced muscle tone, and is under the supervision of children neurologists, gastroenterologists, nephrologists and cardiologists.

Abstract This study reveals novel data on adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from single metal solution, as well as from multi-metal solution containing Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions along with Pb(II) using inorganic SiO2–MoO3 sorbent in a batch system. The results of multi-metal solution system were strongly pH-depended and due to occurred precipitation of Fe(III) in the form of hydroxide. The parameters affecting the sorption efficiency (contact time, sorbent dosage and initial analyte concentration) were evaluated for single solution system. The optimal conditions for SiO2–MoO3 sorbent indicated high affinity toward Pb(II) ions within following process parameters; pH value 3, sorbent dosage 50 ​mg and contact time 60 ​min for maximum Pb2+ concentration of 100 ​mg/L. The adsorption data for Pb(II) utilizing SiO2–MoO3 best fit to pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 ​= ​0.9998) and Langmuir isotherm model (R2 ​= ​0.9320) with an adsorption capacity of 222.20 ​mg/g and Reff >95%. According to thermodynamic study, the adsorption process is feasible, spontaneous and exothermic (ΔG ​= ​−18.6 ​kJ/mol, ΔH ​= ​−7.5 ​kJ/mol and ΔS ​= ​37.32 ​J/mol K). The results of present study demonstrated that SiO2–MoO3 material as a renewable sorbent for Pb(II) removal.

Abstract At the end of December 2019, first identified cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started emerging. Ever since the emergence of the first case of infection with SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19, it became the hottest research topic of numerous studies, in which scientists are trying to understand the path of infection, transmission, replication and viral action, all in order of finding a potential cure or vaccine applying various fundamental principles and methodologies. Using in silico method via AutoDock Vina 1.1.2., we analysed the binding affinity of six selected compounds from grapefruit seed extract (GSE) (narirutin, naringin, naringenin, limonin, ascorbic acid and citric acid) to SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro (PDB ID: 6Y84), using acetoside, remdesivir and gallic acid as a positive controls of binding affinity. Results showed highest affinity (rmsd l.b. 0.000; rmsd u.b. 0.000) for narirutin (-10.5), then for naringin (-10.1), acetoside (-10.0), limonin (-9.9), remdesivir (-9.6), naringenin (-8.2), ascorbic acid (-6.7), citric acid (-6.4) and gallic acid (-6.4), all expressed in kcal/mol. Our findings suggest that selected compounds from grapefruit seed extract represent potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, but further research is needed as well as preclinical and clinical trials for final confirmation of inhibitory functionality of these compounds.

SUMMARY The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities through the frequency of micronuclei and other genomic damage markers in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis and without periodontal disease. Micronucleus assay was performed in exfoliated gingival epithelial cells of 35 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis and 30 control subjects with healthy periodontium. Full mouth clinical examination was performed to define periodontal condition. The mean number of cells with micronuclei observed in chronic periodontitis and control groups was 1.8 (±1.49) and 2.0 (±1.34), respectively. Differences between the groups were not significant (p=0.574). Compared to control subjects, patients with chronic periodontitis showed a significant increase in the number of binucleated cells (p≤0.001) and number of cells with nucleoplasmic bridges (p=0.042). Study results indicated that chronic periodontitis was not associated with higher occurrence of chromosomal damage in gingival cells compared to individuals with healthy periodontium.

Linear regression analysis is one the most common methods for weather-normalizing energy data, where energy versus degree-days is plotted, quantifying the impacts of outside temperature on buildings’ energy use. However, this approach solely considers dry-bulb temperature, while other climate variables are ignored. In addition, depending on buildings’ internal loads, weather impact can be less influential, making the linear regression method not applicable for energy data normalization in internally driven buildings (such as research laboratory buildings, healthcare facilities, etc.). In this study, several existing buildings from different categories, all located on the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus and exposed to the same weather conditions in a heating-dominated climate, were analyzed. For all cases, regression of monthly steam use on heating degree-days and floor-area normalized steam data were used, investigating applicability of the former when the latter changes. It was found that internal loads can skew steam consumption, depending on the building functionality, making the effect of degree-days negligible. For laboratory-type buildings, besides heating and domestic hot water production, steam is also used for scientific experiments. Here, daily occupancy percentage, even during weekends and holidays, was higher than that of other buildings, indicating the intensity of scientific experiments performed. This significantly impacted steam consumption, resulting in higher floor-area-normalized steam usage. In these cases, steam use did not provide an outstanding correlation to heating degree-days. Whereas, for cases with other functionality-types and lower floor-area normalized steam, coefficients of determination in regressions were high. This study concludes that even for buildings located in the same climate, depending on how building functionality and occupancy schedule influence floor-area normalized steam use, multivariate linear regression can provide more accurate analysis, rather than simple linear regression of steam on heating degree-days.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a high priority across countries as it increases morbidity, mortality and costs. Concerns with AMR have resulted in multiple initiatives internationally, nationally and regionally to enhance appropriate antibiotic utilization across sectors to reduce AMR, with the overuse of antibiotics exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Effectively tackling AMR is crucial for all countries. Principally a narrative review of ongoing activities across sectors was undertaken to improve antimicrobial use and address issues with vaccines including COVID-19. Point prevalence surveys have been successful in hospitals to identify areas for quality improvement programs, principally centering on antimicrobial stewardship programs. These include reducing prolonged antibiotic use to prevent surgical site infections. Multiple activities centering on education have been successful in reducing inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antimicrobials in ambulatory care for essentially viral infections such as acute respiratory infections. It is imperative to develop new quality indicators for ambulatory care given current concerns, and instigate programs with clear public health messaging to reduce misinformation, essential for pandemics. Regular access to effective treatments is needed to reduce resistance to treatments for HIV, malaria and tuberculosis. Key stakeholder groups can instigate multiple initiatives to reduce AMR. These need to be followed up.

Abstract The enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily play a critical role in phase I drug metabolism. Among them, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are clinically important, as they can mediate severe toxicity, therapy failure, and increased susceptibility to cancer and other diseases caused by chemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pharmacologically most important allelic variants of the CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes in the general population of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and to compare them with other populations. For this purpose we determined the genotype profile and allele frequency of 216 randomly selected healthy volunteers using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The prevalence of the CYP2C9 *2 and *3 alleles was 13.6 and 7.4 %, respectively. Based on these frequencies, of the 216 participants four (1.86 %) were predicted to be poor metabolisers, 78 (36.11 %) intermediate, and the remaining 134 (62.03 %) normal metabolisers. Based on the prevalence of CYP2C19 *2 and *17 variants – 16.2 and 20.4 %, respectively – nine (4.17 %) were predicted to be poor, 57 (26.39 %) rapid, and nine (4.17 %) ultra-rapid metabolisers. We found no significant differences in allele frequencies in our population and populations from other European countries. These findings suggest that genetically determined phenotypes of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 should be taken into consideration to minimise individual risk and improve benefits of drug therapy in the Republic of Srpska.

Background: Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterised by unpredictable and excessive nerve cell activity that causes epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are more common in children and adolescents than in elderly population. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a diagram of electrical activity of the brain and it is used as a method of choice for diagnosing epilepsy. Despite the accurate EEG tracing of electrical activity in the brain, the disadvantage of this type of analysing is the doctor’s skill to read the EEG correctly. Objective: The aim of this study was ro represents further research presented in our pevious works with wavelet based EEG analysis after masuring a multiresolution as relation between time and frequency resolution. Methods: Signal database set consist of 51 patients: a) healthy patient; b) 50 patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy. Additional characteristics of the analysed data: a) 19 signals-channels of EEG, b) Duration – 20 s or 2688 samples and. Nowadays, we can find dozens of EEG signal analysis papers using mathematical approach and with a focus on identification of epilepsy. Results: This paper represents some results relating to the analysis of EEG in children using Wavelet Transform (WT). The signals was collected and analysed at the Department of neuropediatrics, Pediatric Clinic at the University Clinical Center, University of Sarajevo. Conclusion: Using this approach it is possible to clearly differentiate patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy from healthy ones.

We aimed to determine in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) whether intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG is associated with outcomes reflecting inflammatory activity and chronic worsening.

Introduction: Dental implantology is the branch of dentistry that is gaining greater significance because a larger number of patients come with requests of implant placements. During dental implant placements, with patients with whom operation is carried out in the mandible, very frequently nervus alveolaris inferior can be injured. The nerve injury may occur during the implant placement, but the nerve may also be injured in case of harvesting of intraoral bone graft. During the bone graft harvesting, but also during any other procedure in the dentistry that entails working on vestibular side of corpus of the mandible, in order not to injure the nervus alveolaris inferior, it is important to familiarize oneself with the distance of the nerve from the outer vestibular cortex of the mandible. The objective of the study was to assess the vestibular bone thickness of the mandible in relation to the mandibular canal with the help of analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.Methods: It was accessed the database of CBCT images taken at the School of Dental Medicine at the University of Sarajevo, where out of 700 reviewed CBCT images, an analysis of 322 CBCT images was conducted that satisfied inclusion criteria of the study. CBCT images were taken using of ORTHOPHOS SLX imaging unit. The measurement was conducted by Sidexis program on cross-section of CBCT image. The measurement of vestibular bone thickness was performed, by measuring the distance from the lateral wall of the mandibular canal to buccal mandibular compact bone, in the region of the second premolar, of the first and the second molar.Results: There were statistically significant differences in vestibular bone thickness between men and women on both sides in the region of the second premolar (p < 0.001) and first molar (p = 0.016 right, p = 0.018 left). T-test demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the vestibular bone thickens between men and women on either side in the case of vestibular bone thickness of the center of the second molar (p = 0.397 right, p = 0.743 left).Conclusion: Values of vestibular thickness of the mandible are larger with men than with women in all measuring points; however, statistically more significant differences between genders have been detected in the second premolar and center of the first molar.