This paper presents an analysis of water flow and flow velocity in an open channel of rectangular cross section as a function of channel roughness, ie Manning roughness coefficient. Three different cases of finishing the open channel of rectangular cross-section were analyzed, namely the concrete channel, the channel with smoothed cement mortar and the channel in very poor condition with shore erosion overgrown with sedges and large stones at the bottom of the channel.

Estimating the system state is a non-trivial task given a large set of measurements, fuelling the ongoing research attempts to find efficient, scalable and fast state estimation (SE) algorithms. The centralised SE becomes impractical for large-scale systems, particularly if the measurements are spatially distributed across wide geographical areas. Dividing the large-scale systems into clusters (i.e., subsystems) and distributing the computation across clusters, solves the constraints of a centralised based approach. In such scenarios, using distributed SE methods brings many advantages over the centralised approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed method to solve the linear SE model by combining local solutions obtained by applying weighted least-squares (WLS) of the given subsystems with the Gaussian belief propagation (GBP) algorithm. The proposed method is based on the factor graph operating without a central coordinator, where subsystems exchange only “beliefs”, thus preserving the privacy of the measurement data and state variables. Further, we propose an approach to speed-up evaluation of the local solutions upon arrival of new information to the subsystem. Finally, the proposed algorithm reaches the accuracy of the centralised WLS solution in a few iterations and outperforms the vanilla GBP algorithm with respect to its convergence properties.

Dairy cattle breeding is one of the most important branches of livestock production, which has been facing, for several decades, the chronic problem of declining reproductive performance. In 2005, the number of cattle worldwide was about 1,370,000,000, while in 2015 that number dropped below one billion, and in 2021 it shows a slight recovery as it was 1,000,970. This indicates the importance of applying different reproductive protocols in order to increase the number of cows in production. The type of bedding on which the animals stay, as well as the characteristics of the lying area itself, shows a significant impact on numerous physiological functions such as food intake, chewing, milk yield, but also levels of sex hormones. The type of bedding and lying area, which causes chronic pain and stress, leads to disorders of physiological and reproductive processes, since stress has direct negative impact on numerous cellular functions. A total of 66 dairy cows, 50 Holstein-Friesian cows kept on PD Butmir and 16 Simmental cows kept on a private mini farm, were included in the study. At PD Butmir, cows were kept in tie-stall housing system, while on a mini-farm they were kept free. Hormonal protocols of estrus and ovulation synchronization were used in April, May and June 2019. Cows were subjected to two estrus synchronization and ovulation protocols, Ovsynch and Cosynch72. At PD Butmir, 25 cows were subjected to Ovsynch and Cosynch72 protocols, respectively. At the mini-farm only Ovsynch protocol was applied. The Ovsynch protocol applied on PD Butmir had success in conception rate of 12% (n = 3), while the Cosynch72 protocol gave a score of 36% (n = 9). On the mini-farm, Ovsynch resulted in a conception of 25% (n = 4). Based on our results, the Cosynch72 protocol, compared to the Ovsynch protocol, was a better choice in the case of Holstein-Friesian cows kept in the tie-stall housing system. In the Simmental cows kept in the free stall system, the Ovsynch protocol proved to be better choice in achieving conception, compared to the Holstein-Friesian cows. Therefore, it is necessary to test several different protocols of estrus and ovulation synchronization, in order to find the most optimal one for a certain breed, type of keeping and breeding.

There is no doubt that milk and dairy products have a high nutritional value. However, their current consumption is increasingly dependent on their dietary and health properties. It is noticeable that in recent years, increasing popularity is given to those dairy products that have a positive effect on the human body. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition of sheep's milk from the area of Livno and Travnik (Vlašić), with special reference to the content of bioactive fatty acids that have a positive effect on human health. The fatty acid composition of the tested milk samples was specific due to the content of fatty acids which have been proven to have an extremely beneficial effect on human health. Concentrations of most bioactive fatty acids varied between areas, and the differences were statistically significant for arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and rumenic. Milk samples from the tested areas had an almost ideal ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids, which makes them very favorable foods from a health point of view.

Discussed are geological characteristics of coal layers, their qualitative-quantitative characteristics, spatial potential of deposit and classification of coal layers. Considering the raw material potential and the possibility of expanding the existing raw material base, the Bugojno coal basin has particular importance for the long-term development of lignite exploitation and its use for thermal energy purposes.

Magmatic rocks of post-Late Eocene magmatic formation are widespread in the Sava segment of SavaVardar suture zone and adjoin areas. The rocks formed as a response to transpressional-transtensional tectonic activity preceded by the Cretaceous-Eocene compression of the Internal Dinarides and Tisia Unit as fragments of Eurasian continental lithosphere. Central Bosnia Tertiary volcanic rocks (CBTVR), erupted as dacites in Lower Oligocene, are peculiar rocks of this formation either by their location (southernmost distal outcrops) or geological setting (extrusive within the melange of the Internal Dinaride Ophiolite Belt). Major element composition of the CBTVR reveals high-K calc-alkaline geochemical affinity whereas trace element discriminate the rocks as shoshonitic. The rocks are LILE-enriched and show negative TaNb, P and Ti anomalies, and positive Pb anomalies typical of subduction related volcanic rocks. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns exhibit significant LREE/HREE enrichment [(La/Yb)cn = 21.4 33.4]. Geochemical affinity of the CBTVR combined with tectonic position of extrusions suggests derivation of the melts from the subcontinental mantle which had inherited strong orogenic signature during an ancient subduction.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the morphometric characteristics, length-weight relationship and condition factor of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) from three reservoirs (Modrac, Vidara and Sniježnica) from the area of north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The total sample was 61 individuals. The following morphometric parameters were measured: total length, standard length, forked length, head length, mouth width, mouth height, first gill arch length, intestine length and body mass. Length-weight relationship was described by the equation: W=a TLb. Fulton’s condition factor (K) was determined using the equation: K=100 (W/L3). Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA to determine differences in morphometric characteristics of individuals between the sites (populations). L. gibbosus from all three populations showed positive allometric growth, and the highest value of condition factor was fish from the reservoir Vidara. In accordance with this result, most of the morphometric characteristics of individuals from the reservoir Vidara were significantly higher compared to individuals from Modrac and Sniježnica reservoirs. This result leads to the conclusion that the L. gibbosus adapted best in Vidara reservoir.

ABSTRACT With globalization, growing popularization and changes in dietary habits where more processed food is consumed, a generation of food wastes and by-products has increased. Under-exploitation of by-products and waste leads to finance losses and environmental pollution although most of the waste are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Using spray drying process, extracted bioactive compounds from food wastes and by-products can be transferred into powder form, and returned to the food chain. Spray drying technique showed to be the most convenient, energy efficient and time-saving process, where a liquid is directly transformed into stable powder, which can be stored for a prolonged time or easily incorporated into other products. This review article focuses on the application of processing parameters of spray drying with specific emphasis on the production of dry extracts of food waste and their influence on powder properties. Research gaps and challenges along with possible applications are also discussed.

In the central nervous system of primates, several pathways are characterized by different spectra of axon diameters. In vivo methods, based on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, can provide axon diameter index estimates non-invasively. However, such methods report voxel-wise estimates, which vary from voxel-to-voxel for the same white matter bundle due to partial volume contributions from other pathways having different microstructure properties. Here, we propose a novel microstructure-informed tractography approach, COMMITAxSize, to resolve axon diameter index estimates at the streamline level, thus making the estimates invariant along trajectories. Compared to previously proposed voxel-wise methods, our formulation allows the estimation of a distinct axon diameter index value for each streamline, directly, furnishing a complementary measure to the existing calculation of the mean value along the bundle. We demonstrate the favourable performance of our approach comparing our estimates with existing histologically-derived measurements performed in the corpus callosum and the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Overall, our method provides a more robust estimation of the axon diameter index of pathways by jointly estimating the microstructure properties of the tissue and the macroscopic organisation of the white matter connectivity.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the conventional high school instruction about conservation of mechanical energy in Canton Sarajevo. To that end we tested 441 high school students from six different schools in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) for their competence to apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy. Concretely, students were expected to solve 5 open-ended tasks that covered conceptually different situations. In each task we asked a set of sub-questions to check whether the students possess all the prerequisite sub-competencies for systematic reasoning about conservation of mechanical energy. In addition, we investigated how students’ ideas about conservation of mechanical energy were affected by the choice of the physical system, as well as by the choice of the observed time interval. Data analysis was performed on the level of individual tasks. The students’ written answers were analyzed and the frequencies of most prominent student responses were reported. Generally, it has been shown that most high school students from Sarajevo fail to identify and distinguish internal, external, conservative and non-conservative forces. Also, many students think that applicability of the conservation law does not depend on the chosen physical system and its evolution over time. We could conclude that high school students’ use of the conservation law is mostly based on remembering similar problem solving experiences, rather than on relevant strategic knowledge.

Two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) is one of the most promising models for the description of small-scale fading effects in 5G networks, which employs mmWave band, and in wireless sensor networks deployed in different cavity environments. However, its current statistical characterization has several fundamental issues. Primarily, conventional TWDP parameterization is not in accordance with the model’s underlying physical mechanisms. In addition, available TWDP expressions for PDF, CDF, and MGF are given either in integral or approximate forms, or as mathematically untractable closed-form expressions. Consequently, the existing TWDP statistical characterization does not allow accurate evaluation of system performance in all fading conditions for most modulation and diversity techniques. In this regard, physically justified TWDP parameterization is proposed and used for further calculations. Additionally, exact infinite-series PDF and CDF are introduced. Based on these expressions, the exact MGF of the SNR is derived in a form suitable for mathematical manipulations. The applicability of the proposed MGF for derivation of the exact average symbol error probability (ASEP) is demonstrated with the example of M-ary PSK modulation. The derived M-ary PSK ASEP expression is further simplified for large SNR values in order to obtain a closed-form asymptotic ASEP, which is shown to be applicable for SNR > 20 dB. All proposed expressions are verified by Monte Carlo simulation in a variety of TWDP fading conditions.

Clinic for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina School of Medicine, University of Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Tešanj, 74260 Tešanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina Gynecology Centre "Dr Mahira Jahic" Tuzla, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina University Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital, "Sveti Duh", 10000 Zagreb, Croatia School of Medicine, Croatian Catholic University Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia