Alien species Trichopoda (Galactomyia) pictipennis Bigot, 1876 was found in southeasternBosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia in June and August 2024. This is the first recordof this species for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the southeastern part of Croatia.Additionally, this report includes the records from Montenegro and Bulgaria obtainedfrom the online data platform iNaturalist representing the first observations of T.pictipennis for Montenegro and the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria.

The genus Temnostoma comprises saproxylic hoverflies whose larvae develop by boring into wet, decaying wood, where they feed on microorganisms. Records of these species in the northwestern Balkans are sparse in the literature and nearly absent from openaccess databases. To enhance knowledge of their distribution in the region, we present new records of four Temnostoma species from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. Three species were recorded in all three countries, while T. apiforme was found exclusively in Croatia. This discovery marks not only the first record of this species in the country but also the first for the entire Balkan Peninsula. Furthermore, Temnostomameridionale was documented in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the first time. Given thatthese hoverflies are large and visually striking, we hope this study will inspire interestamong citizen scientists and encourage future contributions to the documentation ofthis genus in the region.

Considering that two-layer parquet is composed of two lamellas—most commonly 10 mm birch plywood and 4 mm solid oak—bonded together with adhesive, and that profiling is required to create a joint that serves a mechanical function, the process becomes complex and imposes significant demands on the cutting tool. This paper presents an experimental analysis of how the type of cutting tool affects the surface quality, profile stability, and edge wear of the tool after a certain machining length. Two different technological solutions were analyzed: a tool with replaceable tungsten carbide (TC) inserts and a tool with an integrated polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting edge. A particular focus of the analysis is the wear of the TC tool in the area of the oak and plywood joint profile, where selective wear of the TC edge occurs, potentially causing profile deformation and a weaker joint. The obtained results show that using PCD tools in two-layer parquet profiling achieves better surface finish, longer tool life, more consistent geometry of the cutting edge, and thus a more stable parquet profile.

Background and objectives: Melanocytic nevi are among the most common skin lesions, yet their relationship with the peripheral nervous system has remained understudied. Given the neural crest origin of melanocytes and Schwann cells, and the neurotrophic signaling capabilities of pigment cells, this study aimed to investigate the density of nerve fibers within nevi and assess how it varies with respect to histological subtype and anatomical location. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 nevi were analyzed, including junctional, compound, and intradermal types, distributed across the head, trunk, and limbs. Immunofluorescence staining for the pan-neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and for CGRP were performed and nerve fiber density was quantified. Statistical evaluation using two-way ANOVA revealed that both nevus type and anatomical site significantly influenced the degree of total innervation. Results: Junctional nevi demonstrated the highest total nerve fiber density, significantly exceeding that of compound and intradermal nevi. Likewise, nevi located on the head exhibited a significantly greater density of PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers compared to those on the trunk and limbs. No significant correlation was observed between nevus type and location, suggesting that both factors contribute independently to the differences in innervation. CGRP-positive innervation was uniform regardless of the histological type of nevus and anatomical location. Conclusions: These findings likely reflect the facts that junctional nevi reside at the dermo-epidermal junction, where nerve fibers are most abundant, while the skin of the head and neck is well known to be more richly innervated than other regions. In contrast, analysis of CGRP-positive fibers suggests that the heterogeneity detected with PGP 9.5 is primarily driven by other neuronal populations. The results support the hypothesis of a dynamic relationship between nevi and the peripheral nervous system, potentially mediated by neurotrophic factors. Understanding this interaction may provide insight into nevus biology, sensory symptoms reported in some lesions, and the evolving role of nerves in the tumor microenvironment.

The machinability of wood is an insufficiently researched problem that is mainly related to the machinability of metals. The machinability of a material is a technological property that expresses the ability to remove the maximum amount of crisps from the machined surface in the shortest possible time with satisfactory machining quality and the lowest possible cutting forces and tool wear. The quality and efficiency of the production process when milling solid wood is influenced by the following factors: type of wood, density and moisture content of the wood, temperatures and dimensions of the workpiece as well as the hardness and strength of the wood. The parameters of the milling mode, such as the main and auxiliary motion, the cutting force and power and the power of the drive unit, have a direct effect on the milling process and are related to the milling tool, i.e. the type and quality of the material from which it is made, the number of cutting edges, the geometry of the cutting edge and the sharpness of the tool. In this work, the influence of significant input parameters on the machinability of solid wood in flat peripheral milling is analysed as a function of the cutting force as an output parameter by planning an experiment. The experimental results are mathematically modelled with the aim of obtaining a mathematical model of the process of large-scale milling of solid wood, i.e. its parameters as a function of the cutting force. The results of the experimental part and the results of the models are analysed and compared in order to draw appropriate conclusions and

BACKGROUND Community pharmacists' roles are expanding beyond traditional tasks to include digital health interventions. Despite the growing integration of digital health technologies, gaps remain in understanding pharmacists' digital health technology literacy (DHTL). Adequate DHTL is essential for supporting patients and ensuring the effective implementation of digital tools in pharmacy practice. OBJECTIVES To assess general digital literacy (gDL) and identify specific levels of DHTL among community pharmacists. METHODS A version of the DHTL Assessment Questionnaire (DHTL-AQ), specifically validated for use by community pharmacists, was distributed via online and paper-based formats. In addition to the DHTL-AQ, the questionnaire also included supplementary items assessing gDL. The sample size was calculated on the basis of the targeted pharmacist population. The data were analysed via SPSS. ROC curves were used to determine cut-off scores, whereas chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess group differences and associations. RESULTS A total of 368 valid responses were collected. Among the respondents, 15.2% had low, 68.8% had medium, and 16.0% had high gDL. On the basis of these findings, DHTL cut-off scores were defined as low (35.9%), medium (19.6%), and high (44.5%). Significant differences in DHTL levels were associated with years of working experience. While 41.3% did not use social media professionally, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and Viber were the most commonly used platforms among pharmacists. CONCLUSION This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of DHTL among Serbian community pharmacists, revealing high general digital literacy but highlighting the need for targeted DHTL training. Future research should focus on expanding the sample size and addressing specific DHTL gaps. The approach used in this study offers a practical framework for assessing DHTL that can be applied internationally to inform the development of relevant, tailored training programs and support the expansion of pharmacist-led services in an increasingly digital health environment.

Sustainable nutrient management is critical for maintaining soil fertility, improving agricultural productivity and mitigating environmental impacts. This study evaluated the impact of Ireland's Nitrates Action Programme (NAP) on soil pH, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) dynamics over a 12‐year period across four meso‐scale agricultural catchments. Using a spatially defined field‐scale sampling approach, trends in studied chemical soil parameters were assessed in response to changing agricultural practices and policy interventions. Results indicate a notable increase in optimal soil pH levels (21%), likely as a result of recent targeted advisory efforts. While overall median soil test P (STP) levels decreased by 0.5 mg/L, variability among catchments was evident, with one catchment showing a significant increase due to intensive poultry manure applications. Additionally, the proportion of P Index 1 soils increased by 9%, suggesting uneven P distribution and highlighting challenges in on‐farm nutrient management. Median soil test K (STK) increased by 17.6 mg/L, with notable gains in tillage and dairy enterprises, indicating shifts in nutrient application strategies. The study also identifies critical source areas (CSAs) of P losses, which decreased by 2%, aligning with NAP objectives. However, nearly 80% of soils remain of suboptimal fertility, particularly for P and pH, underscoring the need for targeted advisory efforts, improved nutrient planning and region‐specific management strategies. Findings provide key insights into how regulatory measures influence soil nutrient trends, informing future policies for sustainable nutrient management and environmental protection in Irish agriculture.

Although autism has historically been conceptualized as a condition that emerges in early childhood1,2, many autistic people are diagnosed later in life3, 4–5. It is unknown whether earlier- and later-diagnosed autism have different developmental trajectories and genetic profiles. Using longitudinal data from four independent birth cohorts, we demonstrate that two different socioemotional and behavioural trajectories are associated with age at diagnosis. In independent cohorts of autistic individuals, common genetic variants account for approximately 11% of the variance in age at autism diagnosis, similar to the contribution of individual sociodemographic and clinical factors, which typically explain less than 15% of this variance. We further demonstrate that the polygenic architecture of autism can be broken down into two modestly genetically correlated (rg = 0.38, s.e. = 0.07) autism polygenic factors. One of these factors is associated with earlier autism diagnosis and lower social and communication abilities in early childhood, but is only moderately genetically correlated with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mental-health conditions. Conversely, the second factor is associated with later autism diagnosis and increased socioemotional and behavioural difficulties in adolescence, and has moderate to high positive genetic correlations with ADHD and mental-health conditions. These findings indicate that earlier- and later-diagnosed autism have different developmental trajectories and genetic profiles. Our findings have important implications for how we conceptualize autism and provide a model to explain some of the diversity found in autism. A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

Introduction: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has become a global epidemic in the past 2 decades. Cardiac troponin is a specific biomarker for detecting myocardial injury, particularly in the context of myocardial infarction (MI), where elevated levels are indicative of myocardial necrosis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between VD levels and troponin values in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit under suspicion of acute coronary syndrome, including comparisons with patients ultimately not diagnosed with ACS. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a group of 69 patients who were hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital under suspicion of acute coronary syndrome. The control consisted of patients without ACS. The content of VD-(25[OH]D) in blood plasma was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during June–August 2024. Blood samples were taken in tubes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulant. The tubes without anticoagulant were used for collecting blood for VD, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and lipid parameter measurement. Results: A statistically significant difference in total cholesterol levels was observed between patients with angina pectoris and those with MI (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis also demonstrated a moderate negative correlation between VD levels and troponin values in patients diagnosed with MI (P < 0.05), indicating that lower VD concentrations may be associated with greater myocardial injury. Conclusions: Based on the data obtained, the medical community is inclined to believe that correction of VD deficiency has great prognostic significance. Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to study in more detail the mechanisms of the negative effects of VD deficiency on the cardiovascular system.

Mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal pathogens, yet data on their diversity and vector potential remain scarce for the central Balkan country Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study aimed to assess mosquito species composition, associated pathogens, and the potential public health risks in BIH. Adult mosquitoes were collected with light traps, identified morphologically and by barcoding, and screened molecularly for various pathogens, including West Nile virus (WNV), Dirofilaria spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Plasmodium spp. A total of 2691 mosquitoes of 17 species were identified, with Culex pipiens/torrentium being most abundant and new records of Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus japonicus. The first detection of WNV (lineage 2) RNA in mosquitoes in BIH highlights the potential risk of circulation in the region, aligning with findings from neighboring countries. In addition, DNA of filarioid nematodes (Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens, and Setaria tundra) were detected, underscoring their role as potential vectors of zoonotic dirofilariasis. Also, Trypanosoma and Plasmodium DNA was detected, warranting further investigation into the possible involvement of mosquitoes in their transmission. The detection of invasive Aedes species and mosquito-borne pathogens emphasize the need for strengthened vector surveillance in southeastern Europe, particularly in BIH. This study provides the first barcode inventory of 17 mosquito species and novel molecular evidence of mosquito-borne pathogens in BIH, offering valuable baseline data for future epidemiological assessments and sustained entomological surveillance.