Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult population worldwide and represent a severe economic burden and public health concern. The majority of human genes do not code for proteins. However, noncoding transcripts play important roles in ageing that significantly increases the risk for CVDs. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are critical regulators of multiple biological processes related to ageing such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation. NcRNAs are also involved in pathophysiological developments within the cardiovascular system including arrhythmias, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocardial infarction and heart failure. In this review article, we cover the roles of ncRNAs in cardiovascular ageing and disease as well as their potential therapeutic applications in CVDs.

The use of the biological medicines, also called “biologics,” has contributed to the progress of the treatment of many chronic diseases, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis. However, biologicals are expensive for healthcare systems in several countries. Their availability has been a global issue, which has affected many patients that suffer from various diseases. A biosimilar medicine, also called “biosimilar,” is a medicine with similar characteristics in terms of quality, biological activity, safety, and efficacy as the approved original biological medicine, known as “originator biologic.” Biosimilars generate competition within the market because they lower the prices of biologics and thus allow for an increase in patient access. However, there are barriers when it comes to the acceptability rate of biosimilars and how interchangeable they are with the originator biologic. In this review, we present a national regulatory framework for biologics along with its limitations, a system of monitoring the safety profile of biologics, the guideline for interchangeability, and a list of approved and available biologics in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, recommendations were made here in order to provide opportunities for greater acceptance of biosimilars and better access to biologics. These recommendations include, but are not limited to, strengthening the national regulatory framework for biologics, capacity building, increasing awareness among healthcare providers for reporting adverse drug events and active pharmacovigilance, and better definitions of interchangeability. Finally, awareness among healthcare providers regarding biosimilars and biologics should be raised through continuous education and workshops, and by including this important topic in the graduate and postgraduate curriculum programs in the country.

Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (GMSCs) have been shown to play an important role in periodontitis. However, how P. gingivalis, one of the key etiological agents of the disease, affects healthy (H)- and periodontitis (P)-GMSCs is unknown. To address this problem, we established 10 H-GMSC and 12 P-GMSC lines. No significant differences in morphology, differentiation into chondroblasts and adipocytes, expression of characteristic MSCS markers, including pericyte antigens NG2 and PDGFR, were observed between H- and P-GMSC lines. However, proliferation, cell size and osteogenic potential were higher in P-GMSCs, in contrast to their lower ability to suppress mononuclear cell proliferation. P. gingivalis up-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, GRO-α, RANTES, TLR-2, HIF-1α, OPG, MMP-3, SDF-1, HGF and IP-10 in P-GMSCs, whereas only IL-6, MCP-1 and GRO-α were up-regulated in H-GMSCs. The expression of MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10 and HGF was significantly higher in P-GMSCs compared to H-GMSCs, but IDO1 was lower. No significant changes in the expression of TLR-3, TLR-4, TGF-β, LAP, IGFBP4 and TIMP-1 were observed in both types of GMSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that P-GMSCs retain their pro-inflammatory properties in culture, exhibit lower immunosuppressive potential than their healthy counterparts, and impaired regeneration-associated gene induction in culture. All these functions are potentiated significantly by P. gingivalis treatment.

A macroscopic theory of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) is presented, which applies a focal-averaging method based on the integral solution of the wave equation. The macroscopic high-harmonic yield is the coherent superposition of the single-atom contributions of all atoms of the generating medium, which are positioned at different spatial points of the laser focus and exposed to the space-time-dependent laser pulse. The HHG spectrum obtained in our macroscopic simulations is qualitatively different from the one obtained using the microscopic or single-atom theory of HHG. Coherent intensity focal averaging, the simpler and more approximate of two methods we introduced, gives the spectrum which forms a declining plateau with the same cutoff position as that of the microscopic spectrum. The second, more precise method, which we call coherent spatio-temporal focal averaging, shows that it is possible, changing the macroscopic conditions, to obtain an observable peak in the harmonic spectrum at an energy much lower than the microscopic cutoff energy. Generally, the high-harmonic yield appears to be dominated by the contributions of laser-pulse spatio-temporal regions with lower intensities as well as by interference, so that the high-energy plateau and its sharp cutoff are quenched in the theoretical simulation and, presumably, in the experiment. The height and position of this peak strongly depend on the macroscopic conditions. We confirmed these findings by applying our macroscopic theory to simulate two recent experiments with mid-infrared laser fields, one with a linearly polarized field and the other one with a bicircular field.

The paper deals with theoretical and methodological aspects of examining the position of religion within the university context. The first section offers an overview of assumptions within three recent pieces of research on this topic. In its second section, the paper examines the possibility of applying the curriculum theory to investigating the position of religion within the higher education context of public universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results show that, in the analysed programmes, there is still no separate subject that would, as an introductory course, familiarise students with doctrinal and ritual fundamentals of religions, as well as with the main events of their historical existence. At the same time, there are a certain number of courses that include religion into a wider discourse of a given study, treating it as a philosophical, sociological, historical or cultural phenomenon. The paper also identifies courses that, within a wider theoretical discussion, include the issue of religion, whether as a substantive or an accidental element.

Tamim Ansary, Ometena sudbina: Historija svijeta u očima muslimana, s engleskog prevela Azra Mulović, Sarajevo: Centar za napredne studije, 2020. Str. 472. ISBN 978-9926-471-22-4.

In this paper we explore two types of tilings of a honeycomb strip and derive some closed form formulas for the number of tilings. Furthermore, we obtain some new identities involving tribonacci numbers, Padovan numbers and Narayana's cow sequence and provide combinatorial proofs for several known identities about those numbers.

Howard Ball, Working in the Killing Fields: Forensic Science in Bosnia, Potomac Books, 232 str, 2016, ISBN 978-1-61234-730-1

In the last two decades the question of displaying religious symbols in the public sphere has resulted in more intensified discussions within the debates on freedom of faith, belief and the neutrality of state. Strategies of resolution of this question greatly depend on the adopted model of relationship between state and religion. While the USA model of freedom of religion regulates extensively the question of the presence of religious symbols in the public sphere, the French model of laïcité is characterised by the general legal ban on displaying them in public institutions since 1905. Some states permit displaying symbols of the dominant religion in the public sphere, while at the same time prohibiting or limiting presence of symbols of the minority religions.

In the last 5 years, several projects have been initiated in Sarajevo Canton that are focused on strengthening the identity of the city, promoting and implementing the concept of urban mobility, green and smart city. The issue of energy efficiency is included in all projects and from that aspect, among other things, the improvement of the public city passenger transport service is observed. This paper analyzes the state of public urban transport from the energy aspect, the savings that are achieved, the methodology for calculating savings and the effects that would be achieved through the implementation of planned projects for the development and reorganization of public urban passenger transport.

Deafblind people have both hearing and visual impairments, which makes communication with other people often dependent on expensive technologies e.g., Braille displays, or on caregivers acting as interpreters. This paper presents Morse I/O (MIO), a vibrotactile interface for Android, evaluated through experiments and interviews with deafblind participants. MIO was shown to enable consistent text entry and recognition after only a few hours of practice. The participants were willing to continue using the interface, although there were perceived difficulties in learning to use it. Overall, MIO is a cost-effective, portable interface for deafblind people without access to Braille displays or similar.

The break-up of Yugoslavia and the period of transition more generally have resulted in differential profiling of Balkan historians, in how they approach certain processes in the past, work on the darker aspects of history, changing perspectives, degrees of awareness and of education, as well as standards in current and future work. This politicisation of their approach to and tendentious formulation of issues has entailed the imposition of a forced symmetry when dealing with already sensitive themes. It raises general questions about the responsibility of the historian, while at the same time bringing to light the set of preconditions that informs the action and effectiveness of historians and entire institutions at the local level. Historians have been facing the challenge of fragmentation for some time and it is reflected not just in the results of their historiographical work, but also directly in generations of their students.

Background: The aim of this study was to show the frequency and epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during childbirth as well as the course, mode and outcome of their newborn treatment and diet after discharge. The aim is also to show individual symptoms developed by newborn from pregnant women who test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Method: The study included all the infants born to the pregnant women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on a PCR test 24 hours prior to delivery or, had already been confirmed positive for the infection and had developed symptoms of the virus or had started treatment for SARS-CoV-2 several days prior to delivery. Results: 43/3237 (1.32%) of the pregnant women tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus or had been infected prior to admission and were positive during delivery. A total of 45 newborn infants were transferred to a special room for the care of newborn infants born to SARS-CoV-2-positive mothers at the Department of Neonatology. Specifically, 30/45 (66.7%) of the newborn infants developed symptoms within the first hours of birth which withdrew spontaneously within 24–48 hours after birth. The symptoms referred to are not specific forSARS-CoV-2 infection and are not particularly indicative of infection. Conclusions: The conclusion of this short 21-month study is that prenatal and postnatal duration and outcome in infants is not aggravated by pregnant women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Despite the individual symptoms described above and the pathological states the children developed during hospitalization, all the newborn infants were discharged from hospital in full health, and they were all breastfeeding following discharge in conditions which respected all the epidemiological preventive measures.

Background: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a clinical term used to describe the abnormal trophoblast invasion into the myometrium of the uterine wall and may enter into the serosa or even into adjacent organs. It is associated with severe obstetric haemorrhage and often requires emergency hysterectomy, which is one of the foremost causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The vast of these conditions are seen in women with a history of previous caesarean section and placenta previa. Cases: In this study we present two cases of a rare type of PAS, placenta percreta, in women with a history of previous caesarean section (CS). Both instances were diagnosed prenatally, using the method of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. They were scheduled for deliveries by CS, and both were hysterectomized. These diagnoses were confirmed in histopathological findings. Conclusion: Considering sparse published data and absence of well conducted studies, optimal management is still undefined. Caesarean hysterectomy is still the gold standard treatment for placenta accreta spectrum proposed by many societies as an absolute and final treatment.

Trauma is the leading cause of pediatric mortality and abdominal injury is a significant contributor to morbidity. Abdominal trauma in the population of injured children, is the third leading cause of death in this population, after head and thoracic injuries. It is the most common cause of death owing to unrecognized injury. They most often occur in traffic accidents, games and sports. The clinical presentation depends on the severity of the injury, the injured organ and the associated injuries. Mesenteric injury from blunt abdominal trauma is uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. It is known that seatbelt trauma from motor vehicle accidents is the most common mechanism of mesenteric injury and that the mesentery of the small bowel is injured more frequently than that of the colon. We present an unusual case, a seven-year-old boy who was injured while skiing. The patient was in a state of hemorrhagic shock and underwent emergency surgery after an urgent diagnosis. During the operation, the leading trauma and the reason for the hemorrhagic shock were found to be a mesenteric injury, and bleeding from the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Early transport, monitoring and diagnostics significantly contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality. The standard in surgery is non-operative treatment of injured parenchymal organs. A multidisciplinary approach that includes doctors of various specialties (pediatric surgeons, pediatricians, neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists and radiologists) who contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of injured children through diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has a key role. At the end, the decision regarding surgical treatment is responsibility of pediatric surgeon.