Background and Purpose: Improper distribution of health workers is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries. The shortage of health personnel has been intensified over the past two decades as a result of the emigration of health workers from developing countries to developed ones and disparities between urban and rural regions. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, quantitative, and descriptive study was conducted at the University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Health Studies, for two months. The study included 203 3rd-year and 4th-year undergraduate students of all study programs. The chi-square test was used to examine the difference between students’ attitudes about leaving according to gender, grade point, foreign language learning, and high school graduation, as well as different statements of intention to leave or stay. Results: Of 203 respondents, 49(24.1%) were male and 154(75.9%) were female. Thirty-four students (16.75%) stated their attitude towards the definitive departure. Also, 129 students (63.55%) were thinking about leaving after graduation, while 40 students (19.7%) wanted to continue their life in Bosnia and Herzegovina after their studies. Almost half of the female students (49.26%) and slightly more than half of the male students (14.28%) think about leaving after their studies, with a statistically significant difference between men and women who think about leaving and those who stay. The positive attitudes, which the students who are leaving, for the most part, agreed upon were the acquisition of life experience that their occupation profile was sought in other countries, and career development and professional development. The reasons why most students consider leaving the country after their studies are due to the attitude that their education and degree are more valued in other countries, higher living standards in other fields, and career development and professional development. Conclusion: To prevent the migration of health students, retention policies are needed that target immigrant staff. These policies can be extremely important in preventing the problem of a lack of quality health staff in the near future.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the level of inammatory parameters in 3 different groups of COVID-19 patients depending on severity of clinical manifestations and to dene which inammatory parameter can be used as predictor of clinical severity and outcome. A total of 51 subjects was included in this study by retrospective review of theMethods: documentation at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of University Clinical Hospital Mostar. The following data were collected: demographic, clinical symptoms, complications, therapy, and the level of inammatory parameters (C-reactive protein at the admission, procalcitonin, leukocytes, relative neutrophils count, relative lymphocyte count). Depending on the value of paO2/O2 patients were separated into 3 groups: mild, moderate and severe group. Data entry into the tables was followed by statistical data processing using IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Most frequent symptoms were fever (82% of all subjects), cough (61%), trouble breathing (55%), shortness ofResults: breath (43%), chest pain (27%), muscle pain (25%), diarrhea (20%), vomiting (6%) and headache (6%). The overall mortality of this study was 35%, with a statistically much higher mortality in severe patients. Also C-reactive protein levels were higher in severe patients. Conclusions: Levels of C-reactive protein on admission were signicantly higher in patients who developed a severe clinical manifestations. Also, mortality in severe patients was statistically higher than the remaining 2 groups of patients. CRP is reported as a prognostic factor in the severity of clinical manifestations and mortality of hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Purpose Phosphonates, like 3-AminoPropylphosphonic Acid (ApA), possess a great potential for the therapy of bone tumours, and their delivery via cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) seems a promising approach for their increased efficacy in target tissues. However, the immunological effects of CNC-phosphonates have not been investigated thoroughly. The main aim was to examine how the modification of CNCs with phosphonate affects their immunomodulatory properties in human cells. Methods Wood-based native (n) CNCs were modified via oxidation (ox-CNCs) and subsequent conjugation with ApA (ApA-CNCs). CNCs were characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation. Cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory potential of CNCs were investigated in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs)/T cells co-cultures by monitoring phenotype, cytokines production, allostimulatory and Th/Treg polarisation capacity. Results AFM showed an increase in CNCs' thickens, elasticity modulus and hardness during the modification with ApA. When applied at non-toxic doses, nCNCs showed a tolerogenic potential upon internalisation by MoDCs, as judged by their increased capacity to up-regulate tolerogenic markers and induce regulatory T cells (Treg), especially when present during the differentiation of MoDCs. In contrast, ox- and ApA-CNCs induced oxidative stress and autophagy in MoDCs, which correlated with their stimulatory effect on the maturation of MoDCs, but also inhibition of MoDCs differentiation. ApA-CNC-treated MoDCs displayed the highest allostimulatory and Th1/CTL polarising activity in co-cultures with T cells. These effects of ApA-CNCs were mediated via GABA-B receptor-induced lowering of cAMP levels in MoDCs, and they could be blocked by GABA-B receptor inhibitor. Moreover, the Th1 polarising and allostimulatory capacity of MoDCs differentiated with ApA-CNC were largely preserved upon the maturation of MoDCs, whereas nCNC- and ox-CNC-differentiated MoDCs displayed an increased tolerogenic potential. Conclusion The delivery of ApA via CNCs induces potent DC-mediated Th1 polarisation, which could be beneficial in their potential application in tumour therapy.

Various toxic heavy metals have become hazardous to human health as well as the environment. This research has been focused on a biosorption/bio-removal process of chromium (III), copper (II) and lead (II) ions from an aqueous solution by utilizing lignocellulosic biomass of Citrus limon peel (CLP) powder. CLP powder biomass was selected based on dietary fibre components having greater potential to remove target heavy metal ions in order to purify wastewater by following the eco-friendly biosorption method. At optimum conditions, the observed maximum removal efficiency of 97.47, 87.13 and 95.71% for Cr, Cu and Pb ions, respectively, was observed. An investigation has been made as a work of pH, CLP amount and temperature. The presented bio-removal processes by prepared CLP biosorbent manifested as a temperature-independent. Langmuir isotherm model was found an excellent fit of the isotherm data for tested systems with the calculated biosorption capacities of 111.11 (Cr), 76.92 (Cu) and 100.00 (Pb) mg/g. The positive ΔH values for selected target heavy metal ions, except lead ions, confirmed that the reaction was spontaneous and endothermic. A cooperative mechanism of second-order and intraparticle diffusion models during the adsorption processes of all three target ions was established with a higher coefficient of determination and more closely anticipated take-up (adsorption capacity). Furthermore, the interaction of -OH and -COOH functional groups of CLP that have a major role in the removal of Cr, Cu and Pb ions from single-ion aqueous solution and/or a surface biosorption was confirmed based on the results presented by SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis. Analysis from XRD revealed peak corresponding to amorphous cellulose type I as observed by FT-IR analysis.

The paper aimed to examine if the mechanical characteristics (tensile strength, elongation, and friction) of the selected flexible packaging materials (BOPP and PET/PE) change after the packaging process. Some researchers have shown that mechanical characteristics can change because of the various effects to which foils are exposed (temperature, transport devices, solvents, etc.). The measurement of tensile strength and elongation was carried out according to SRPS G.S2.734, and the measurement of friction according to ASTM D 1894. The results show that there were no significant changes in the examined mechanical characteristics that could affect the functionality of the packaging.

Analysis of mechanical stability for external fixation device Orthofix in the case of anterior-posterior bending is carried out in this paper. Device is applied to the lower leg for the case of unstable fracture. Real device is mea sured and 3D CAD model is developed. CAD model is used for numerical structural stress analysis which is car ried out using CATIA V5 software. Results for displacements are obtained for selected critical places on the device and for the place of fracture. In addition, values of principal and von Misses stresses are obtained and analyzed. Using obtained results, conclusions about mechanical stability of device are formulated.

The paper analyzes the stiffness of the Orthofix external fixation system at axial pressure load, applied to the lower leg in case of an unstable fracture. Based on the actual construction of the Orthofix fixator, its 3D model was formed, and then a structural analysis was performed in the CATIA V5 software system. The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties of Orthofix fixator. FEM analysis of the fixator revealed displacements at characteristic points of the structure and fractures. During the FEM analysis, it is possible to change the load values, all with the aim of obtaining the best possible information about the behavior of the fixator during installation and use by the patient. Based on the results obtained from the FEM analysis, it can be concluded that the Orthofix fixative shows very good stiffness, but also that it can be improved by using newer materials, such as composite or some alloys of titanium and aluminum.

Mobility is a key aspect of modern networking systems. To determine how to better manage the available resources, many architectures aim to a priori know the future positions of mobile nodes. This can be determined, for example, from mobile sensors in a smart city environment or wearable devices carried by pedestrians. If we consider infrastructure networks, frequently changing the coverage cell may lead to service disruptions if a predictive approach is not deployed in the system. All predictive systems are based on the storage of old mobility samples to adequately train the model. Our focus is based on the possibility to determine an approach for adaptively sampling mobility patterns based on the intrinsic features of the human/node behavior. Several works in the literature examine mobility prediction mobile networks, but all of them are dedicated to the study of time features in mobility traces: none took into account the spectral content of historical mobility patterns for predictive purposes. In contrast, we take into account this spectral content in mobility samples. Through a set of wavelet transforms, we adapted the sampling frequency dynamically and obtained a considerable set of advantages (space, energy, accuracy, etc.). In fact, this issue covers an important role in the IoT paradigm, where energy consumption is one of the main variables requiring optimization (frequent and unnecessary mobility samplings can disrupt battery life). We performed several simulations using real-world traces to confirm the merit of our proposal.

Ugledna talijanska izdavačka kuća Mucchi iz Modene u rujnu 2021. godine, pod uredničkom palicom Antonija Saccoccija, redovitog profesora Sveučilišta La Sapienza u Rimu, i Stefana Porcellija, višeg istraživača Sveučilišta u Bresciji, objavila je znanstvenu monografiju pod nazivom Kineski građanski zakonik i rimski pravni sustav (Codice civile cinese e sistema giuridico romanistico). Riječ je o monografiji za kojom se, očekivano, javio veliki interes u romanističkim krugovima, ali i među širom zainteresiranom pravničkom javnošću. Naime, 1. siječnja 2021. godine u Narodnoj Republici Kini, najmnogoljudnijoj i jednoj od ekonomski najsnažnijih zemalja svijeta, stupio je na snagu novi Građanski zakonik (Codex iuris civilis sinicus, dalje: Zakonik), koji je 28. svibnja 2020. godine usvojio Državni narodni kongres Kine. Težnja za uređenjem pravnog sustava, poštujući princip vladavine prava u Kini, prisutna je posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća. U segmentu privatnog prava bili su prisutni veliki napori i različiti iskoraci u cilju uređenja mnogih pitanja značajnih za kinesko društvo u cjelini. Došlo je do usvajanja Zakona o dioničkim društvima, Zakona o ugovorima, Zakona o vlasništvu i stvarnim pravima itd. Pravni znanstvenici koji su pratili te izmjene, poput jednog od urednika predmetne monografije, Stefana Porcellija, ocijenili su kako su revizije ovih zakona bile prilično značajne i temeljite te su se ticale mnogih segmenata duboko vezanih s istinskim potrebama kineskog društva. Donošenje svih tih zakona te kontinuirani rad na modifikacijama unutar pravnog poretka dodijelio je novim zakonima središnju ulogu u kineskom društvu. Iako su nedvojbeno reformski procesi doprinosili jačanju vladavine prava, nastojeći uspostaviti vertikalni niz između kineske prošlosti, sadašnjosti i budućnosti, sve se izvjesnijom činila nužnost kodificiranja prava. Prijedlozi za izradu Zakonika spominjali su se još prije 20-ak godina, ali zauzet je opći stav kako društvo, ako se savinjistički izrazimo, još uvijek nije zrelo za cjelovitu reformu. I tako, nastavljen je niz donošenja novih zakona, što je zbog velike količine propisa uzrokovalo nužnost sustavnog usklađivanja kako bi se ti propisi mogli razumjeti i primijeniti. Zbog svega navedenog u listopadu 2014. godine Središnji odbor Komunističke partije Kine izrazio je želju da se izradi Nacrt građanskog zakonika za Narodnu Republiku Kinu. Radovi na izradi kodifikacije napredovali su velikom brzinom, a u tom procesu došlo je do snažne, u prvom redu akademske, suradnje kineskih i talijanskih pravnika. Na tom tragu rimsko pravo i moderne građanske kodifikacije, osobito talijanski Codice civile, poslužili su kao izvrsni modeli iz kojih se crpila pravnička inspiracija, a sve kako bi se, poštujući pravila o pravnoj transplantaciji, instituti i koncepti na adekvatan način inkorporirali u kinesku pravnu kulturu i omogućili joj daljnji gospodarski rast i razvoj, što je nedvojbeno u korelaciji s osiguranjem pravne sigurnosti. Zakonikom je postavljen cilj osiguravanja pravde kroz reguliranje građanskih, trgovačkih, a jednim dijelom i radnih odnosa, kroz sustavno pružanje jasnog pravnog okvira onima koji posluju ili žele poslovati na području Kine. Kako su sami urednici naglasili u uvodnoj studiji, forma i koncepti predmetne kodifikacije pokazuju kako je kineski zakonodavac i tamošnja pravna znanost prilikom izrade kodifikacije nastojala postići dijalog s rimskim pravnim sustavom, odnosno pravničkim poukama izgrađivanim u rimskoj pravnoj tradiciji posljednjih tisućljeća. Zbog toga, kako bi se istinski razumjeli opsezi primjene i izvorna značenja koncepata primijenjenih u Zakoniku, nužno je, u cilju razumijevanja sadržaja, dobro poznavati te konstantno proučavati rimski pravni sustav i njegov unutarnji razvoj.

We introduce the first IJMS World Conference of Medical Student Research as a unique opportunity for medical students and early-career scientists around the globe to share the results of their research in an online worldwide platform, aimed at increasing accessibility to research for medical students and creating bonds of collaborations between participants and future scientists and leaders of medical research education. This is also the second issue of the 10-year anniversary of the Journal, and we describe in summary the published research and experiences of this issue. 

The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of consumption of coffee beverages in the city of Mostar. In 2019, an analysis of caffeine content was performed on HPLC in 10 different samples of coffee beverages. Samples of coffee were taken from the market of the city of Mostar by random selection. In addition to the High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, the study was conducted using empirical and descriptive methods. An assessment of daily (EDI) and weekly intake (EWI) was also performed were on the base of determined values of caffeine content in 10 different coffee samples. The acute toxic dose of caffeine is not well defined, but it is considered more than 10 grams of caffeine per day for adults, while in most countries it is not recommended that more than 450 mg of caffeine be consumed per day. The samples were found to be in accordance with the EFSA Scientific Opinion (European Food Safety Authority) stating that a single dose of 200 mg of caffeine from all sources does not pose a risk to the health of healthy adults. (EFSA, 2015).

In this paper the first record of the alien mantis species Hierodula tenuidentata for Bosnia and Herzegovina is provided. This large mantis has considerably expanded its distribution range in Europe in the last years, particularly in Balkan Peninsula. We found several adult specimens on 22nd and 23rd of August 2021 in urban area of Mostar city in the south of the country. This finding confirms the species’ establishment in the western part of Balkan Peninsula and fills the distribution gap along the eastern Adriatic Sea coast.