The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and their limited lifespan emphasize the urgent need for sustainable recycling strategies. This study investigates the application of tetrabutylphosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) as alternative leaching agents for recovering critical metals, Li(I), Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II), from spent NMC cathode materials. Initial screening experiments evaluated the leaching efficiencies of nine tetrabutylphosphonium-based ILs for Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Li(I), revealing distinct metal dissolution behaviors. Three ILs containing HSO4−, EDTA2−, and DTPA3− anions exhibited the highest leaching performance and were selected for further optimization. Key leaching parameters, including IL and acid concentrations, temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio, were systematically adjusted, achieving leaching efficiencies exceeding 90%. Among the tested systems, [TBP][HSO4] enabled near-complete metal dissolution (~100%) even at room temperature. Furthermore, an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) was investigated utilizing [TBP][HSO4] in combination with ammonium sulfate, enabling the complete extraction of all metals into the salt-rich phase while leaving the IL phase metal-free and potentially suitable for reuse, indicating the feasibility of integrating leaching and extraction into a continuous, interconnected process. This approach represents a promising step forward in LIB recycling, highlighting the potential for sustainable and efficient integration of leaching and extraction within established hydrometallurgical frameworks.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the skating determinants and differences between male and female bandy players in the spatiotemporal variables during acceleration and maximum sprint skating velocity. Methods: Seventy-four female bandy players (age: 18.9 ± 4.1 years; height: 1.67 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 63.2 ± 7.4 kg; training experience: 13.4 ± 3.9 yrs.; and 26 elite and 48 junior elite) and 111 male bandy players (age: 20.7 ± 5.0 years; height: 1.80 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 76.4 ± 8.4 kg; training experience: 13.8 ± 5.0 yrs.; and 47 elite and 66 junior elite players) performed linear sprint skating over 80 m. Split times were measured every ten metres by photocells to calculate velocities for each step and spatiotemporal skating variables (glide times and length, step length, and frequency) by IMUs attached to the skates. The first six steps (acceleration phase), the six steps at the highest velocity (maximal speed phase), and the average of all steps were used for analysing glide-by-glide spatiotemporal variables. Results: These revealed that male players exhibited higher acceleration and maximal skating velocity than female players. A higher acceleration in men was accompanied by shorter gliding time, longer step length, and higher step frequency. When skating at maximal speed, male players had a longer step length and gliding time and length. The sub-group analysis revealed that step frequency did not correlate with skating velocity, acceleration, or maximal speed phases. On the other hand, glide and step lengths significantly correlated with skating velocity in both phases (r ≥ 0.60). Conclusions: In general, for faster skating in bandy, it is generally better to prioritise glide and step length than stride frequency. Hence, players should be encouraged to stay low and have more knee flexion to enable a longer extension length and, therefore, a longer path and more horizontal direction of applied force to enhance their acceleration ability.

The impressive results achieved by language recognition using a generative pre-trained transformer have led to divided opinions on whether or not the Turing test has finally been passed. After understanding the working principles of the GPT programs, it was remarked that the tokenization concept, used by GPT, resulted in the loss of the word-to-letter relationship. Through about 36 specially prepared anagrams with a description of a term in a verse in the languages of the South Slavs, it was shown that ChatGPT and similar programs are far more capable of understanding the semantic connection between words and allusions than in performing the relatively simple task of searching for an adequate word from the offered letters.

Computer games can be used not only for entertainment but also for education. Embedded systems can be used to improve the gamified learning process by making the interaction with intended users more interesting. Texas Instruments development kits with booster plug-in modules can improve the outcomes of gamified learning. However, there is a lack of studies that explore the benefits and drawbacks of different input methods for gamified learning purposes. In this paper, a snake game was developed on the Texas Instruments MSP-EXP432P401R development kit that uses the analog joystick of the BOSTXL-EDUMKII plug-in module for controlling the snake. An experimental usability study was conducted on 61 3rd year university students, comparing the analog joystick to the computer keyboard, computer mouse, and mobile touchscreen input methods. The achieved results showed that the majority of students preferred the original computer keyboard input method and that more than half of the participants preferred the 90 -degree rotation of the snake compared to the 360 degree analog joystick. However, the analog joystick improved the gaming experience by 63.6 %, and many students made positive comments about its usability in general, indicating that its application for gamified learning may be possible for other types of games.

Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) employ advanced optimization techniques to enhance efficiency and streamline processes, from inventory positioning to order picking and packing. Among these, order picking represents the most time-consuming and resourceintensive operation. This paper presents a novel approach for monitoring worker efficiency in warehouses, focusing on estimating the complexity and time required for order picking. A variety of factors influence these estimates, including item location, quantity, dimensions and weight of items, picking sequence, and whether the location is in the stock or picking zone. Accurate estimation enables effective daily work planning, real-time monitoring of worker productivity, and overall warehouse efficiency. The proposed approach has been tested in real-world warehouse environments, demonstrating its practical applicability and potential to significantly improve worker performance, resource allocation, and operational management.

The blind and visually impaired group cannot use most of the cutting-edge technology that usually conveys information visually through different kinds of displays. Different solutions can help overcome this obstacle, such as the usage of sound output and tactile displays that use the Braille alphabet composed of mechanically raised dots. However, there is a considerable amount of visually impaired persons who cannot read Braille and an even larger amount of persons without visual impairment. This paper presents an IoT-based system that uses the Arduino Uno WiFi development board for reading Braille input from a $4 \times 4$ push button matrix, two letters at a time. The system uses the $32 \times 8$ matrix display to show the translated basic alphabet output that can be read by sighted users or to show the Braille alphabet output. It offers a quick way for the visually impaired to convey information to sighted people by typing Braille input with both hands simultaneously. The proposed system will be used to educate sighted individuals about the Braille alphabet and help reduce their learning time. It can also be used as a quick translator of Braille for sighted individuals who wish to read written Braille documents.

Texas Instruments development kits have a wide application in practical and scientific experiments due to their small size, processing power, available booster packs, and compatibility with different environments. The most popular integrated development environments for programming these development kits are Energia and Code Composer Studio. Unfortunately, there are no existing studies that compare the benefits and drawbacks of these environments and their performances. Conversely, the performances of the FreeRTOS environment are well-explored, making it a suitable baseline for embedded systems execution. In this paper, we performed the experimental evaluation of the performance of Texas Instruments MSP-EXP432P401R when using Energia, Code Composer Studio, and FreeRTOS for program execution. Three different sorting algorithms (bubble sort, radix sort, merge sort) and three different search algorithms (binary search, random search, linear search) were used for this purpose. The results show that Energia sorting algorithms outperform other environments with a maximum of 400 elements. On the other hand, FreeRTOS search algorithms far outperform other environments with a maximum of $\mathbf{2 5 5, 0 0 0}$ elements (whereas this maximum was $\mathbf{1 0, 0 0 0}$ elements for other environments). Code Composer Studio resulted in the largest processing time, which indicates that the lowlevel registry editing performed in this environment leads to significant performance issues.

This paper addresses the challenge of analyzing CVs to parse their content into structured formats suitable for further processing and analysis. The proposed solution processes CVs provided as images or PDFs, handling diverse input formats, including free-form, multi-language, non-standardized layouts, and highly structured documents. Various heuristic approaches are employed for layout analysis, complemented by lightweight language models for extracting information. While multimodal models demonstrate strong performance, their cost and deployment complexity remain significant barriers. This study explores alternative methods optimized for computational efficiency, processing accuracy, and easier deployment. A comparative analysis of approaches is conducted on a standard dataset containing CVs from diverse clients and job roles, ranging from entry-level to specialized positions in various domains. The findings highlight the potential of these tailored, efficient solutions for scalable and secure CV parsing.

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is among the most complex optimization problems. Practical solutions require addressing real-world constraints such as time windows, vehicle capacities, delivery restrictions, driver working hours, and heterogeneous vehicle fleets. Solutions are often implemented in two stages: the first involves clustering customers, while the second focuses on incremental routing of these clusters to reduce complexity and improve solution control and explainability. However, the second stage heavily depends on the quality of the first, and clustering methods vary depending on client requirements. This paper explores various clustering methods and their impact on the final routing results, with a focus on real-world examples. The study includes diverse client scenarios, ranging from small-scale distribution systems with a limited number of customers to large-scale operations managing more than thousand of deliveries daily, covering both small and large orders. From fixed clustering and geographic partitioning to dynamic clustering algorithms and hybrid approaches, the advantages and limitations of each method are analyzed. The findings aim to provide actionable insights into selecting clustering methods that align with specific use cases, ensuring enhanced efficiency and adaptability in practical applications.

Abstract In the context of increasing challenges in the fight against financial crime, this paper analyzes the significance of forensic accounting in identifying suspicious transactions within the financial sector, with the aim of strengthening efforts to combat money laundering in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Money laundering is a complex form of financial crime that can be committed by individuals or large organizations. This form of financial crime is known from individuals to large organizations, and over time, different methodologies for carrying it out have developed. The detection and prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities in BiH are regulated by the Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities (“Official Gazette of BiH,” No. 13/24), as well as the Rulebook on the Implementation of the Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities (“Official Gazette of BiH,” No. 41/15 and 24/23). This paper aims to identify weaknesses in the financial and regulatory oversight systems in BiH. It also explores the level of understanding of forensic accounting techniques and money laundering mechanisms within organizations in the country, and assesses their impact on the overall effectiveness of anti-money laundering efforts.

The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is primarily notable for being an annex to the Dayton Peace Treaty that ended the 1992–1995 war. A significant aspect of this constitutional framework is its emphasis on the three main ethnic groups – Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs – designated as constituent peoples, which play a central role in the state’s governance and institutions. The recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the case of Savickis and Others v. Latvia has indirectly highlighted the (in)compatibility of certain constitutional solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the principle of non-discrimination of the European Convention on Human Rights. In this article, the authors explain how the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not seek to implement the rulings issued by the ECtHR, but rather interpreted the constitutional identity of the country as being based precisely on the central role given to the constituent peoples. In so doing, the Constitutional Court, now also supported by the case Savickis and Others v. Latvia, created the prospect of abuse of constitutionalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This study aimed to compare anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and physical performance parameters between more and less experienced wrestlers to determine the influence of competitive experience on key performance indicators. A total of 47 male wrestlers were divided into two groups based on their competitive experience: more experienced (n=22, >6 years) and less experienced (n=25, <6 years). Anthropometric measurements included body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BF%). Performance assessments consisted of the countermovement jump (CMJ), handgrip strength (HGS), and the Specific Wrestling Fitness Test (SWFT). Group differences were analyzed using t-tests for independent samples, and discriminant canonical analysis. More experienced wrestlers had significantly lower body fat percentage (p=0.04) and better performance in the SWFT repetitions test (p=0.001) compared to their less experienced counterparts. They also exhibited a lower heart rate response during the SWFT (p=0.01), indicating better recovery capacity. Also, competing experience was correlated to SWFT repetitions (R=0.51) and SWFT index (R=-0.45). Wrestling experience appears to be associated with wrestling-specific performance. However, the experience did not significantly influence absolute strength or explosive power. These findings suggest that training programs for less experienced wrestlers should emphasize wrestling-specific performance development to improve performance.

Background/Objectives: Colistin is a last-resort treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa multidrug-resistant infections, but resistance to it is emerging. While colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa is typically associated with chromosomal mutations inducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aminoarabinosylation, other mutations unrelated to LPS modifications have been proposed to influence the extent of colistin resistance. Here, we examined whether the genetic background and culture conditions affect the evolution of high-level colistin resistance in this bacterium. Methods: We performed in vitro evolution experiments in the presence or absence of increasing colistin concentrations with two phylogenetically distant reference strains in a standard laboratory medium and in two media mimicking P. aeruginosa growth during lung or systemic infections. Resistance-associated mutations were identified by comparative genomics, and the role of selected mutated genes was validated by allele replacement, deletion, or conditional mutagenesis. Results: Most colistin-resistant mutants carried mutations in genes belonging to four functional groups: two-component systems controlling LPS aminoarabinosylation (PmrAB, PhoPQ), LPS biosynthesis, the production of the polyamine norspermidine, and fatty acid metabolism. No mutation was exclusively and invariably associated with a specific strain or medium. We demonstrated that norspermidine is detrimental to the acquisition of colistin resistance upon PmrAB activation and that impaired fatty acid biosynthesis can promote colistin resistance, even if it increases susceptibility to other antibiotics. Conclusions: The evolution of colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa appeared to be only marginally affected by the genetic background and culture conditions. Notably, mutations in fatty acid biosynthetic genes represent a newly identified genetic determinant of P. aeruginosa colistin resistance, warranting further investigation in clinical isolates.

This manuscript reports the synthesis and characterization of 19 novel heterostilbene carbamates, designed as selective butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors with potential applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. The compounds were synthesized from resveratrol analogs, and their structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction for selected derivatives (compounds 1 and 4). In vitro assays demonstrated high selectivity toward BChE over acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with compound 16 exhibiting exceptional inhibitory activity (IC50 = 26.5 nM). Furthermore, compound 16 showed moderate anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In silico ADME(T) profiling revealed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and low mutagenic potential for the majority of compounds. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding interactions within the BChE active site. These results highlight heterostilbene carbamates as promising lead structures for developing novel therapeutic agents targeting neurodegenerative diseases.