At the beginning of the 20th century, more than a thousand mosques originating from the Ottoman period (1463-1878) were recorded in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some estimates point that the number currently is much smaller. The goal of this study is to establish a typological classification of historical forms that were developed in more than four centuries. The diversity of patterns comes from the mixed influences ranging from the developed Ottoman style to the local material conditions and regional building traditions. This study used a qualitative evaluation of many characteristic examples to identify prevalent features that point to different types and subtypes of mosques. The evaluation of various examples used both firsthand observation and the written sources that are readily available. Thirty-six historical domed mosques were founded in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and their architecture is essentially a reflection of the architectural pattern predominantly from the 16th-century classical repertoire. However, a significantly higher proportion of mosques have sloping roofs where they strongly suggest domestic influences. The paper defines distinctive roofed mosque types where common characteristics predominate. Certain variations from the standard show a clear need for flexibility, adaptability, or improvisation. The study shows that the fundamental concept of the Turkish single-unit mosque, which was developed in Anatolia beginning in the 12th century, underwent a broad interpretation in Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout the Ottoman period, as evidenced by a variety of distinct types of roofed mosques.

Background The 2015 Lancet Commission on global surgery identified surgery and anaesthesia as indispensable parts of holistic health-care systems. However, COVID-19 exposed the fragility of planned surgical services around the world, which have also been neglected in pandemic recovery planning. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel index to support local elective surgical system strengthening and address growing backlogs. Methods First, we performed an international consultation through a four-stage consensus process to develop a multidomain index for hospital-level assessment (surgical preparedness index; SPI). Second, we measured surgical preparedness across a global network of hospitals in high-income countries (HICs), middle-income countries (MICs), and low-income countries (LICs) to explore the distribution of the SPI at national, subnational, and hospital levels. Finally, using COVID-19 as an example of an external system shock, we compared hospitals' SPI to their planned surgical volume ratio (SVR; ie, operations for which the decision for surgery was made before hospital admission), calculated as the ratio of the observed surgical volume over a 1-month assessment period between June 6 and Aug 5, 2021, against the expected surgical volume based on hospital administrative data from the same period in 2019 (ie, a pre-pandemic baseline). A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to determine the effect of increasing SPI score. Findings In the first phase, from a longlist of 103 candidate indicators, 23 were prioritised as core indicators of elective surgical system preparedness by 69 clinicians (23 [33%] women; 46 [67%] men; 41 from HICs, 22 from MICs, and six from LICs) from 32 countries. The multidomain SPI included 11 indicators on facilities and consumables, two on staffing, two on prioritisation, and eight on systems. Hospitals were scored from 23 (least prepared) to 115 points (most prepared). In the second phase, surgical preparedness was measured in 1632 hospitals by 4714 clinicians from 119 countries. 745 (45·6%) of 1632 hospitals were in MICs or LICs. The mean SPI score was 84·5 (95% CI 84·1–84·9), which varied between HIC (88·5 [89·0–88·0]), MIC (81·8 [82·5–81·1]), and LIC (66·8 [64·9–68·7]) settings. In the third phase, 1217 (74·6%) hospitals did not maintain their expected SVR during the COVID-19 pandemic, of which 625 (51·4%) were from HIC, 538 (44·2%) from MIC, and 54 (4·4%) from LIC settings. In the mixed-effects model, a 10-point increase in SPI corresponded to a 3·6% (95% CI 3·0–4·1; p<0·0001) increase in SVR. This was consistent in HIC (4·8% [4·1–5·5]; p<0·0001), MIC (2·8 [2·0–3·7]; p<0·0001), and LIC (3·8 [1·3–6·7%]; p<0·0001) settings. Interpretation The SPI contains 23 indicators that are globally applicable, relevant across different system stressors, vary at a subnational level, and are collectable by front-line teams. In the case study of COVID-19, a higher SPI was associated with an increased planned surgical volume ratio independent of country income status, COVID-19 burden, and hospital type. Hospitals should perform annual self-assessment of their surgical preparedness to identify areas that can be improved, create resilience in local surgical systems, and upscale capacity to address elective surgery backlogs. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Global Health Research Unit on Global Surgery, NIHR Academy, Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel Research UK, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, and Medtronic.

The Covid-19 pandemic has a direct impact on the social, economic, political, and other segments of society through a large number of lockdowns in 2020 and 2021. The largest postal and logistics companies as an integral part of the supply chain have been directly affected by the Covid 19 pandemic. Disruption in the supply chain significantly affects the movement of goods and the economic development of countries. This paper investigates the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the logistics sector, with special emphasis on public postal operators (PPO) in some countries of the Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia). The paper analyzes the movement of express shipments in domestic transport, as well as imports and exports for 2020. There is almost no research on the implications of the covid-19 pandemic on the postal and logistics sectors of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. The aim of this research is to understand the impact of the pandemic on this sector.

Interactive Imitation Learning (IIL) is a branch of Imitation Learning (IL) where human feedback is provided intermittently during robot execution allowing an online improvement of the robot's behavior. In recent years, IIL has increasingly started to carve out its own space as a promising data-driven alternative for solving complex robotic tasks. The advantages of IIL are its data-efficient, as the human feedback guides the robot directly towards an improved behavior, and its robustness, as the distribution mismatch between the teacher and learner trajectories is minimized by providing feedback directly over the learner's trajectories. Nevertheless, despite the opportunities that IIL presents, its terminology, structure, and applicability are not clear nor unified in the literature, slowing down its development and, therefore, the research of innovative formulations and discoveries. In this article, we attempt to facilitate research in IIL and lower entry barriers for new practitioners by providing a survey of the field that unifies and structures it. In addition, we aim to raise awareness of its potential, what has been accomplished and what are still open research questions. We organize the most relevant works in IIL in terms of human-robot interaction (i.e., types of feedback), interfaces (i.e., means of providing feedback), learning (i.e., models learned from feedback and function approximators), user experience (i.e., human perception about the learning process), applications, and benchmarks. Furthermore, we analyze similarities and differences between IIL and RL, providing a discussion on how the concepts offline, online, off-policy and on-policy learning should be transferred to IIL from the RL literature. We particularly focus on robotic applications in the real world and discuss their implications, limitations, and promising future areas of research.

Approximately sixty lyrical songs were inscribed into the Folklore Archive of the National Museum during the field research in Brcko conducted by Bosnian writer and folklorist Alija Nametak as an employee of the Institute for Folklore Research in 1956, including a ballad about a mother who sacrificed her son to save her brother's life. This moving ballad has been inscribed at least twice more in Bosnia's north, and two variants of this song were recorded in Derventa - they are included in a large collection made by Smajl Bradaric and kept in the National Museum of BiH's Folklore Archive. The National Museum and the BiH Slavic Committee collaborated to publish this collection (Bradari 2018). The mentioned ballad was also discussed in Munib Maglajlic's 1985 study "Muslim Oral Ballads," in the section entitled Conflict in the Family, indicating its importance, but also a solid number of variants throughout Bosnia (Maglajlić 2018). The variants presented here, however, were not the subjects of Maglajlić's analyses, even though he found as many as nine versions of this ballad from various sources for his study. This paper will use the method of three-variant ballad promotion to see the oral poet from Bosnia's north in action. It will try to show and highlight the poetic achievements of the "northern" variants. The poetic shaping of key motifs will be considered in each recorded variant, and the difference between them will be established. Methods of interpretation and analysis will be used.

The study problematizes the sociological/political/psychological/genetic aspects of neo-racism and nationalism and their conflict consequences. It aims to unlock points within peace philosophy and enlightenment. The paper argues that contemporary sociopolitics, as an expression of neoliberalism, globalization, radical nationalism, and supremacy, maintain archaic conflicting ideological, racial antagonistic, and national entity relations, particularly in post-socialist and post-conflict ethnoreligiously controlled societies-Balkans. Racism is a moral and sociopolitical subject significantly related to peace and conflict philosophy normative. Although a liberal conscience can be reassured by the fact that genetics has not found much difference among the peoples of the world, it is irrelevant to the problem of racism. In the sphere of flexibility, it established an association with nationalism. Nationalism initiates and homogenizes the national masses with narratives regarding the threat to national domains or injustices. Neo-racism and nationalism ignore insights into group differentiation; race genetics narratives were scientifically disguised prejudice. Racism can be enforced in regions with zero racial diversity. The significant causes lie within structural mechanisms of conflict, overwhelmed by the ethnonational/ethnoreligious culture of antagonism and fear. Balkan sports racism is correlated with ethnoreligious nationalism. It is deeply rooted in the culture and creation of ethnoreligious homogenous territories and ethnonational radicalism/far-right patterns. The racist and nationalist antagonistic mind can be liberated through enlightenment; one must notice how the national/ethnic/religious mind functions. The peace philosophy seeks to advance human society marked by processes and relations, cooperation, tolerances, mutual arrangements, and parity to resolve violent, non-violent, or ideological conflicts within the liberty of manifestation of individuals and societies. Thus, general civilizational progress.

Research aimed at the etiology of creativity suggests that its development is contributed by both individual and contextual factors. In analyzing contextual factors, more attention is paid to the institutional environment concerning the family. Starting from the above, the goal of this work is to explicate the development of creativity by taking parenting and the early family environment as a conceptual framework. Operationalizing family context through two dimensions – structural (socioeconomic status, family size, birth order) and process (integration, parenting style, parenting dimensions), sought to explore their connection to the development of creativity in early childhood. A special focus was on the process dimension, through the relationship between parenting – as what parents do along with children and creative development in early childhood. In doing so, etiological factors are taken into account that enables and/or inhibit the development of creative potential.

The philosophy of Gustav Radbruch made an immeasurable contribution to the development of the concept of the rule of law. The part of Radbruch’s philosophy that still has a great influence on thought about the relationship between justice and mere legality is certainly his Formula, which can be reduced to the venerable stance of lex injusta non est lex.[1] Simply put, according to Radbruch’s Formula, any law that is ‘unjust to an intolerable degree is not legally valid and should not be applied by courts. In this text, the author finds a similarity between Radbruch’s Formula and provision VI/3(c) of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and analyzes the content of the aforementioned provision, which regulates the possibility of initiating a concrete review of the constitutionality of laws by ordinary courts. The text analyzes what the aforementioned provision of the B&H Constitution stipulates and what opportunities it offers to ordinary courts when applying the law. It also analyzes the extent to which the potential of the B&H Constitution has been used by ordinary courts in the legal system of B&H.

This paper presents the model for the identification of reference points on the lifetime curve of engineering systems. This curve commonly represents the increase and decline of failure in relation to time. A direct correlation between failure rate and costs is assumed in this paper, therefore, statistical and empirical analysis of costs provided reference points. This approach is used for positioning stages of the engineering system’s lifetime with a minimal number of failures and costs, regardless of whether these are acceptable or not. The following three stages are usually identified: the beginning, the stationary part and the end of life. The boundaries between them are recognized on the basis of minimum total lifetime costs and on economic lifetime costs. Model is tested on the dozers, machines frequently used in the mining industry for the earthmoving operations, and which are characterized by high operating and maintenance costs.

Concerning the media’s properties, there is always a possibility of changing groundwater flow conditions surrounding hydroelectric power plants. Causes for such events could be natural or anthropogenic, which is, in many cases, not so obvious to determine. In addition, determining a period when changes in the groundwater flow occur is a complex task. All of the above mentioned are of crucial importance due to the operational work of hydropower plants, i.e., the optimization of the inflow and outflow of the water in the turbine, regardless of the hydropower plant type. All types listed require a particular approach for solving such issues. Rescaled Adjusted Partial Sums (RAPS) is an appropriate time-series analysis method. In this specific case, observed fluctuations in the time series of the groundwater levels could lead to conclusions about possible irregularities in the shallow as well as the deep zones of the underground water. The concept was shown in this paper in the example of the hydroelectric power plant Mostar dam in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It should be noted that the defined methodology was a novel procedure for analyzing and determining the pathways of the flow of groundwater in the surrounding hydropower plant dams. In other words, such analysis could be conducted without the need for complex and expensive drilling and geophysical surveys, tracing, and all other methods.

In this paper, we analyze the integration maturity of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on its path towards EU membership and the role of institutions in the process. Integration maturity focuses on five main parameters for readiness to make integration successful: macroeconomic stability, functioning market economy, competitiveness, access to foreign finance and convergence. We combine a discussion of BiH's readiness on these parameters with insights from institutional economics, and show how inefficient institutions are major obstacles to BiH achieving sustained economic growth and attaining the necessary integration maturity. The main reasons for the institutional deficiencies relate to BiH being an ethnically divided country, but just as much it reflects corruption and elite capture of institutions. Only by thoroughly rethinking and reforming its institutional framework will Bosnia and Herzegovina be able to move forward.

Abstract Maternal and neonatal health is one of the main global health challenges. Every day, approximately 800 women and 7,000 newborns die due to complications during pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal period. The leading causes of maternal death in sub-Saharan Africa are obstetric hemorrhage (28.8%), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (22.1%), non-obstetric complications (18.8%), and pregnancy-related infections (11.5%). Diagnostic ultrasound examinations can be used in a variety of specific circumstances during pregnancy. Because adverse outcomes may also arise in low-risk pregnancies, it is assumed that routine ultrasound in all pregnancies will enable earlier detection and improved management of pregnancy complications. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 1997 that 50% of developing countries had no access to ultrasound imaging, and available equipment was outdated or broken. Unfortunately, besides all the exceptional benefits of ultrasound in obstetrics, its inappropriate use and abuse are reported. Using ultrasound to view, take a picture, or determine the sex of a fetus without a medical indication can be considered ethically unjustifiable. Ultrasound assessment when indicated should be every woman’s right in the new era. However, it is still only a privilege in some parts of the world. Investment in both equipment and human resources has been clearly shown to be cost-effective and should be an obligatory step in the improvement of health care. Well-developed health systems should guide developing countries, creating principles for the organization of the health system with an accent on the correct, legal, and ethical use of diagnostic ultrasound in pregnancy to avoid its misuse. The aim of the article is to present the importance of correct and appropriate use of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology with reference to developing countries.

We detected surface waves from two meteorite impacts on Mars. By measuring group velocity dispersion along the impact-lander path, we obtained a direct constraint on crustal structure away from the InSight lander. The crust north of the equatorial dichotomy had a shear wave velocity of approximately 3.2 kilometers per second in the 5- to 30-kilometer depth range, with little depth variation. This implies a higher crustal density than inferred beneath the lander, suggesting either compositional differences or reduced porosity in the volcanic areas traversed by the surface waves. The lower velocities and the crustal layering observed beneath the landing site down to a 10-kilometer depth are not a global feature. Structural variations revealed by surface waves hold implications for models of the formation and thickness of the martian crust. Description An insightful impact On 24 December 2021, the seismometer for the InSight mission on Mars detected a large seismic event with a distinct signature. Posiolova et al. discovered that the event was caused by a meteor impact on the surface of Mars, which was confirmed by satellite observations of a newly formed 150-kilometer crater. The surface nature and size of the impact allowed Kim et al. to detect surface waves from the event, which have yet to be observed on Mars. These surface waves help to untangle the structure of the Martian crust, which has various amounts of volcanic and sedimentary rock, along with subsurface ice, in different regions of the planet (see the Perspective by Yang and Chen). The characteristics of the impact itself are important because they provide a seismic fingerprint of an impact event that is different from the marsquakes observed so far. —BG A new crater formed on the surface of Mars was detected with the seismometer on the InSight mission.

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) has a long history of cultivation in the large, mountainous regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Its commercial production is mainly based on the regionally bred variety ‘Darja’, but numerous landraces are also being grown on a smaller scale. As part of the SEEDNet (Southeast European Network on Plant Genetic Resources) project, these landraces have been collected and stored at the Gene bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences in Sarajevo (FAFS). To assess their utilization value, it was first important to investigate if they represent distinct landraces and to identify their genetic relationships with the most commonly grown varieties in the region (‘Darja’, ‘Goluba’ and ‘Čebelica’). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the genetic relationships and diversity of the common buckwheat accessions maintained at the FAFS Gene bank, as well as the value of these accessions for future breeding programs, using microsatellite markers and seventeen quantitative and fifteen qualitative morphological traits. The FCA (Factorial Correspondence Analysis) and AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) revealed that several accessions represent completely distinct landraces which clearly differentiated from the most commonly grown cultivars ‘Darja’ and ‘Goluba’. Conducted morphological analyses revealed that several of the analyzed landraces hold similar characteristics to the ones observed in ‘Darja’ and ‘Goluba’, while others possess unique traits potentially useful in breeding programs.