The popularity of online crowdsourcing platforms was slowly increasing among language learners before the pandemic, but COVID-19 changed the educational systems worldwide. This study aims to uncover whether or not, and if ‘YES’, how the attitudes and habits of language learners concerning the use of crowdsourcing materials in Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of North Macedonia and Poland changed during the pandemic. To compare the pre-and during the covid crowdsourcing tool usage, the cross-culturally appropriate questionnaire utilised in the pre-COVID-19 period was used again. The collected data were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively to identify the differences between the periods. The study’s findings showed that the shift from face-to-face to online learning significantly affected the development of crowdsourcing platforms worldwide and their employment in the studied countries. The results also demonstrated that a combination of factors, such as reduced interactions with teachers and peers, an increase in workload, and a lack of support on the part of institutions, led to students taking responsibility for their learning. The number and characteristics of the popular platforms changed from country to country since expectations from students varied.

Background. As basketball constantly evolves, physical performance becomes more and more important. Physical fitness assessments are the most reliable way to find out at what level a basketball player is prepared to perform. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to determine if the speed, agility and power of under-16-year-old (U16) basketball players is related to their playing positions. Methods. The study included (n = 40) young basketball (aged 14.99 ± 0.84 years) players. The variables included height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass (FFM), the percentage of body fat (BF%), the counter movement jump (CMJ), counter movement jump with free arms (CMJ free arms), squat jump (SJ), 5m, 10m, 15m and 20m sprints, T-test, Illinois test and 505 test. Results. The results showed that centers are taller and heavier than other positions, while the speed, agility and power of forwards are greater than other positions. Conclusions. At the youth basketball level there are differences in anthropometric and physical fitness testing results between positions. This supports the fact that athletes may be more likely to be selected for a given position based on how their anthropometric and athletic abilities pair with the demands of a given position. Keywords: body composition; physical testing; playing position; performance.

Benthic diatoms have gained prominence as environmental bioindicators since the beginning of the twentieth century. Epilithic diatom taxa are frequently used for ecological water-quality assessments of rivers. Diversity of these dominant group of protists in the benthic communities can be indicative of changes in the freshwater ecosystem. The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity and ecology of diatoms of the Spreča River on the locations affected by urban and industrial pollution. Field sampling of the epilithic diatoms was carried out in the period of May 2021 at two locations, first before and second after the Lukavac city, which is known as industrial city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Taxonomic verification was carried out using light microscope on permanent slides and revealed in total 38 diatom taxa. The genera with the largest number of species were Diatoma, Navicula and Nitzshia. Identified taxa are widespread species that are known for tolerating  high levels of pollution. A slightly higher number of taxa was recorded at the first location, while at the second, a higher proportion of halophilic taxa was observed.

O presente trabalho investiga como os elementos discursivos e os estético-políticos da cypher Favela Vive, e de certa tradição do rap nacional, representam, na presença do território, a nostalgia e a melancolia. Para isso, mobilizamos um olhar decolonial sobre o contexto de sociabilidade dos artistas e sua relação com a cultura midiática, propondo uma maneira particular de abordar ambos os sentimentos. Nesse sentido, notamos que, apesar de o saldo do espírito nostálgico ser a melancolia, a potencialidade desse movimento está na reelaboração estético-política do presente e do passado, que deixa entrever a redenção ou o porvir.

Introduction: Laboratory personnel (LP) represent a high-risk group of healthcare workers for whom the primary laboratory environment and specific work activities are a major source of potential exposure to health hazards. This study aimed to evaluate the developed matrix and assess risk based on self-assessment. Methods: This multicenter, qualitative, and cross-sectional study was conducted on LP employed in biomedical laboratories. The respondents were divided into groups according to their territorial affiliation. The data collection tool used was a six-area questionnaire distributed online through a network of professional associations. For the risk assessment, a matrix was developed with scores ranging from 0 to 650, dividing the risk level into four categories. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for the statistical analysis. Results: The developed model combined the classification of risk and risk factors with a certainty of p < 0.001. The regression analysis showed that working conditions had the greatest influence on overall risk, followed by physical, biological, and physical hazards. Of the 640 respondents, the medium risk category was the highest in European Union (EU) countries (81.2%). Comparing the values in the high-risk category between the Bosnians and Herzegovinians (BiH) group and the Republic of Serbia, Republic of Northern Macedonia, and Montenegro (SCM) group with the EU group, a doubling (16.6%: 36.7%) and tripling (16.6%: 52.1%) of the proportion was found, respectively (p < 0.001). Overall, 1.7% of the LPs from BiH fell into the high-risk category. Conclusions: The designed matrix provides a reliable basis for identifying risk predictors in the study population and can serve as a useful tool for conducting risk assessments in biomedical laboratories. The results of the risk assessment indicate significant differences between the studied groups and highlight the need for increased control of BiH workplaces through new regulatory requirements.

In oral and written communication there exist various linguistic tools by which one tells or asks their interlocuter to do something. In such cases, one most often uses the imperative, even though in different languages there are different ways to attain a goal, i.e., to realize the intention or request of the message sender. In Latin, there existed along with the imperative a mood called the subjunctive through which speakers could express commands or prohibitions, but also suggestions, desires, requests, counsel, or encouragement for the message receiver to complete a certain act. The content mentioned can be expressed using the present (e.g., You are shutting up now!) or the future tenses (e.g., You are going to the library tomorrow!), or with certain periphrastic forms (e.g., This job ought to be finished!). The form, then, does not always correspond with the anticipated content; that is, one type of content can be expressed using various forms. This paper is directed at the observation and analysis of the various forms and functions of commands used by Cicero in his epistles, as well as on their classification according to which of them prevail in individual groups of letters. Along with this, seeing as in some examples ambiguous forms of the imperative are found, whose function is conditioned due to various pragmatic parameters and contextual frameworks, the goal is to also to point out the importance of context and its elements, especially those of a socio-political, cultural or historical environment and the role of participants in the choice, usage, and interpretation of forms of the command.

Pyrophyllite was investigated in this study as a potential adsorbent for the removal of glyphosate, a common herbicide for the control of a wide variety of weeds. There are several publications in the literature that discuss how glyphosate interacts with clay minerals such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, and bentonite, but there is no information regarding the possibility of glyphosate removal from aqueous solution using pyrophyllite. In this study, the adsorption of glyphosate from water samples onto pyrophyllite, a mineral clay from the Parsovici, Konjic mine, was investigated. The ninhydrin reaction was used to spectrophotometrically quantify glyphosate. At 570 nm, the purple Ruhemman product's absorbance was determined. Adsorption capacity (qe), removal efficiency (R), and the partition coefficient are used to express the results (Kd). The outcomes demonstrated that distinct ionic species of glyphosate at different pHs cause the adsorption of glyphosate on pyrophyllite to be pH-dependent. The findings demonstrated that during different contact times, the basic medium can remove up to 75% of glyphosate. According to results from fitting isotherm models, the Freundlich model is slightly better fitted. According to the results of kinetic investigations, the pseudo-2nd order model is more suitable for this kind of adsorption.

The present research was undertaken to investigate polyphenolic profiles of peel, pulp and juices made from two standard commercial and five traditional apple cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main goal of the study was to monitor the distribution and changes of polyphenolic profiles through different phases of apples’ processing into cloudy and clear juices, with regard to L-ascorbic acid pretreatment. Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. The obtained results showed that traditional cultivars, namely ‘Paradija’ and ‘Prijedorska zelenika’, displayed significantly higher content of these compounds compared to commercial ones. Flavan 3-ols and flavonol glycosides were mostly found in peels of all cultivars (21.2–44.1 and 5.40–33.3%, respectively), while phenolic acids along with flavan 3-ols were predominant in the pulp (8.20–30.8 and 5.10–13.9%, respectively). Apples’ processing into juices caused decrease (more than 90%) in the content of all polyphenols and the distribution of these compounds from fruits to final products had a negative trend, particularly evident in clear juices. The most drastic loss occurred in the flavonol glycosides and dihydrochalcones content, while chlorogenic acid displayed quite stable distribution from apples to final products due to its good solubility. Apple mash pretreatment with L-ascorbic acid had a positive impact on the preservation and retention of polyphenols.

Mogućnost umrežavanja makromolekula i konformaciona promenljivost lanaca spadaju u bazna svojstva, ne samo polimerne strukture, već molekulskog sveta uopšte. Elastične mreže su dugo privlačile pažnju relativno uskih krugova inženjera koji su se bavili proučavanjem proizvoda od gume. Savremeno dizajniranje bio-kompozitnih materijala, ne može se zamisliti bez polimernih mreža. Sa druge strane, elastične polimerne mreže kao primarne strukturne jedinice postaju predmet pažnje u naučnim disciplinama u kojima ranije nisu pominjane, kao što su medicina i biohemija, a dobijaju zasluženo mesto i u nizu drugih disciplina srodnih nauci o materijalima.

Introduction: information and communication technology (ICT) has multiplied its availability and use, resulting in enormous usage, especially among school-age children, who use it for an average of 7.5 hours per day. The amount of time adolescents spend in front of electronic screens has increased significantly between the ages of 10 and 14, but there are significant gender changes. For boys, this increase is 41.6 minutes per day, while for girls it is 22.7 minutes per day. Methods: The study is designed as an epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic, comparative study. The study will be conducted in the form of an online questionnaire on the Microsoft Forums platform during the period 12/15/2021 to 12/30/2021. Respondents were able to access the request for consent using a link and a QR code, which was previously signed by a parent/guardian giving consent for children to participate in this study. Results: The results of this study show that school-aged children generally use cell phones with a touch screen between 2 and 3 hours daily during the work week (39.2%) and TV (39.5%). Pain caused by ICT use in the past 12 months occurred mainly in the neck/shoulder area (42.4%), while pain in the previous month occurred mainly in the lower extremities (29.1%). Conclusion: Increased use of ICT devices was associated with higher levels of musculoskeletal symptoms. The higher pain burden in various body parts is of concern, and further research on the effects of ICT device use in adolescents is needed and warranted.

Adil Zulfikarpašić, Put u Foču, Sarajevo: Bošnjački institut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića, 2022. 140 str., ISBN 978-9958-743-43-6.

From February 2023 (Volume 23, Issue 1), the title of the Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences will be changed to Biomolecules and Biomedicine. The new title reflects the increasing number of published research done on subcellular/molecular level as well as translational and clinical research contained in the term Biomedicine. Biomolecules and Biomedicine will continue to be published by the Association of Basic Medical Sciences of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Read more in the PDF.

ABSTRACT Woman’s representation in politics is an ongoing issue in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia. Even though these states have sufficient laws and legal documents that regulate woman’s political participation, situation in theory is still devastating. In this paper, we gave an overview of mentioned legal framework in case studies after which we analyzed current status of woman’s representation in politics through primary method of literature review. Data was collected through primarily and secondary sources. Primarily sources were based on the qualitative research of previous work, meta-analysis and comprehensive literature reviews while secondary data was collected from official webpages from relevant election commissions from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia, with emphasis on the mixed-methods approach and small-n comparison. We came to conclusion that both countries have strong legal framework for ensuring higher level of female participation but still, it’s revival in today’s political world is still missing. Finally, we connected results of elected females with Society 5.0 Key words: woman’s representation; political participation; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Republic of Croatia; Society 5.0 ABSTRAK Representasi perempuan dalam politik merupakan isu yang sedang berlangsung di Bosnia dan Herzegovina dan Republik Kroasia. Meskipun negara-negara ini memiliki undang-undang dan dokumen hukum yang memadai yang mengatur partisipasi politik perempuan, situasi secara teori masih sangat memprihatinkan. Dalam makalah ini, kami memberikan tinjauan tentang kerangka hukum tersebut dalam studi kasus, setelah itu kami menganalisis status representasi perempuan dalam politik saat ini melalui metode utama kajian pustaka. Data dikumpulkan melalui sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber utama didasarkan pada penelitian kualitatif dari pekerjaan sebelumnya, meta-analisis dan tinjauan literatur yang komprehensif sementara data sekunder dikumpulkan dari halaman web resmi dari komisi pemilu yang relevan dari Bosnia dan Herzegovina dan Republik Kroasia, dengan penekanan pada pendekatan metode campuran dan kecil. -n perbandingan. Kami sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa kedua negara memiliki kerangka hukum yang kuat untuk memastikan tingkat partisipasi perempuan yang lebih tinggi, tetapi kebangkitannya di dunia politik saat ini masih belum ada. Terakhir, kami menghubungkan hasil perempuan terpilih dengan Society 5.0 Kata kunci: representasi perempuan; partisipasi politik; Bosnia dan Herzegovina; Republik Kroasia; Masyarakat 5.0

It is often difficult to be certain which genes underlie the effects seen in association studies. However, variants that disrupt the protein, such as predicted loss of function (pLoF) and missense variants, provide a shortcut to identify genes with a clear biological link to the phenotype of interest. Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translationalmodifications of proteins, and an important biomarker of both disease and its progression. Here, we utilised the power of genetic isolates, gene-based aggregation tests and intermediate phenotypes to assess the effect of rare (MAF<5%) pLoF and missense variants from whole exome sequencing on the N-glycome of plasma transferrin (N=1907) and immunoglobulin G (N=4912), and their effect on diseases. We identified significant gene-based associations for transferrin glycosylation at 5 genes (p<8.06x10-8) and for IgG glycan traits at 4 genes (p<1.19x10-7). Associations in three of these genes (FUT8, MGAT3 and RFXAP) are driven by multiple rare variants simultaneously contributing to protein glycosylation. Association at ST6GAL1, with a 300-fold up-drifted variant in the Orkney Islands, was detectable by a single-point exome-wide association analysis. Glycome-associated aggregate associations are located in genes already known to have a biological link to protein glycosylation (FUT6, FUT8 for transferrin; FUT8, MGAT3 and ST6GAL1 for IgG) but also in genes which have not been previously reported (e.g. RFXAP for IgG). To assess the potential impact of rare variants associated with glycosylation on other traits, we queried public repositories of gene-based tests, discovering a potential connection between transferrin glycosylation, MSR1, galectin-3, insulin-like growth factor 1 and diabetes. However, the exact mechanism behind these connections requires further elucidation.