Unergative verbs assign the agent theta role to subjects whereas unaccusative verbs occur with theme subjects. Theory suggests that, unlike subjects of unergative verbs, theme subjects of unaccusative verbs are merged in the post-verbal internal argument position and moved to the pre-verbal external argument position. In a cross-modal lexical priming experiment, we tracked (re‑)activation patterns of the subject in sentences with imperfective and perfective unergative and unaccusative verbs in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). We investigated the interplay between unaccusativity and verbal aspect. Our findings are that the subject of perfective unaccusative verbs is (re‑)activated post-verbally, at the gap position, whilst this is not the case for unergative verbs and imperfective unaccusative verbs.

Pomegranate peel, an abundant agro-industrial by-product, represents a sustainable source of bioactive polyphenols, particularly punicalagin, which has been associated with antioxidant and photoprotective potential. This study aimed to develop microemulsions (MEs) containing pomegranate peel extract for dermal delivery of punicalagin using biocompatible surfactant systems. Three MEs differing in surfactant–cosurfactant composition (ME-A, ME-P, and ME-E) were prepared. Each formulation solubilized 1% (w/w) of pomegranate peel extract and was evaluated regarding in vitro release behavior, skin permeation/retention, antioxidant activity, and in vitro sun protection factor (SPF). All investigated MEs provided sustained release of punicalagin (≈10–17% of the applied dose in 8 h). ME-A, based on an alkyl polyglucoside surfactant, showed a significantly higher cumulative release of punicalagin (60.4 µg/cm2) compared with ME-E and ME-P. In skin penetration/permeation studies, ME-A also exhibited the highest numerical total delivery of punicalagin (≈48.2 µg/cm2 after 24 h), although differences among formulations were not statistically significant. All formulations demonstrated high antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay and measurable in vitro photoprotective potential, with SPF values ranging from approximately 11 to 14. Overall, pomegranate peel extract-loaded MEs showed potential as dermal delivery systems capable of improving solubilization and modulating skin delivery of punicalagin. The combination of agro-waste-derived bioactives with biocompatible surfactants highlights the potential of these systems as sustainable approaches for skincare formulations.

A modular three-tier IoT-Cloud-AI architecture for accessible cardiac health monitoring is proposed. Three principal contributions are made: (i) a modular architecture enabling independent evolution of hardware, backend, and AI components; (ii) a hybrid risk assessment method combining deterministic rule-based scoring with large language model (LLM)-generated insights; and (iii) a validated open specification supporting reproducibility. A prototype system, Kardia, was implemented using low-cost components (ESP32, MAX30102) and validated experimentally. Heart rate accuracy was within 3 BPM of reference devices, end-to-end latency remained under 2 seconds, and risk stratification was consistent across all test scenarios. The results demonstrate the feasibility of AI-enhanced, home-based cardiac wellness monitoring.

BACKGROUND Enteric infectious diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are among the top ten causes of death in children younger than 5 years. Remarkable global investment has been dedicated to enteric infectious disease prevention and control; however, the shifting global health landscape is testing the continuance of progress. To evaluate the current status and guide future interventions, we present the latest epidemiological estimates of enteric infectious diseases from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 and assess progress towards the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) mortality target of fewer than 20 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years by 2025. METHODS We quantified the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of enteric infectious diseases by age, sex, and year across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. In GBD 2023, the following were considered under the category of enteric infectious diseases: diarrhoeal diseases, enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid), invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella spp (iNTS) infections, and other intestinal infectious diseases. We also examined 15 aetiologies contributing to diarrhoeal diseases. Incidence and prevalence were estimated with DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, drawing on data from systematic reviews, population-based surveys, claims data, and hospital sources. Cause-specific mortality was modelled with Cause of Death Ensemble Modelling based on data from sources including vital registration, mortality surveillance, verbal autopsy, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. Years of life lost and years lived with disability were computed and combined to derive DALYs. For aetiology-specific estimation, population-attributable fractions (PAFs) for 15 pathogens were derived with a counterfactual framework. Point estimates and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated from 250 draws from the posterior distribution. FINDINGS In 2023, enteric infectious diseases resulted in an estimated 1·27 million (95% UI 0·963-1·68) deaths globally, declining from 3·69 million (3·04-4·56) in 1990. The global age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 74·1 (62·0-92·9) per 100 000 population to 16·4 (12·6-21·3) per 100 000 population during the same period. Diarrhoeal diseases accounted for most deaths in 2023 (1·11 million [0·811-1·54]), followed by enteric fever and iNTS. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa remained the most affected regions in 2023, with 599 000 (441 000-882 000) and 501 000 (373 000-648 000) deaths due to enteric infectious diseases, respectively, predominantly from diarrhoeal disease. Rotavirus was the leading cause of all-age diarrhoeal disease deaths (PAF 16·3% [12·0-21·5]), followed by norovirus (10·2% [2·4-17·0]) and Shigella spp (9·3% [5·4-15·2]). Among children younger than 5 years, PAFs of deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases were 40·2% (32·5-48·5) for rotavirus, 24·0% (15·1-36·7) for Shigella spp, and 23·4% (13·7-34·3) for adenovirus. Across 204 countries and territories, 141 met the GAPPD mortality target in 2023. The driving aetiologies among countries that did not meet the target in 2023 varied slightly by GBD super-region, but the highest or second-highest number of deaths in children younger than 5 years were consistently attributed to rotavirus. Astrovirus and sapovirus, newly included in GBD 2023, were responsible for 24 600 (6290-49 000) and 18 800 (4650-44 400) deaths, respectively, in 2023, mainly in children younger than 5 years. INTERPRETATION Our findings show that mortality and ASMRs of enteric infectious diseases declined substantially between 1990 and 2023. This decline is consistent with the expansion of public health measures and broader socioeconomic development. However, the burden in 2023 remains considerably high, with the highest mortality concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Considering that more than a quarter of all countries had yet to meet the GAPPD mortality target in 2023, sustained efforts are needed to address the persistent burden in affected countries and to adapt to the changing global health landscape. FUNDING Gates Foundation.

BACKGROUND Severe atherosclerotic internal carotid artery stenosis may progress to complete internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO). Therefore, ICAO represents an advanced form of carotid artery disease. We sought to investigate the association between ICAO with atherosclerotic disease in other arterial beds and vascular risk factors and to identify the patient implications of the diagnosis of ICAO. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the term "Internal carotid artery occlusion", a search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase between 1980 and 2025 revealed 10,588 results. After exclusion of case reports, letters to the Editor and Editorials, 5,771 reports were identified. Following meticulous screening of the identified reports, 28 studies specifically addressing ICAO patient cohorts were included in the final analysis. A quantitative and qualitative synthesis analysis was performed. A questionnaire was subsequently developed and sent out to 63 participants from the United States (n=21) and several European countries (n=42), aiming to achieve consensus regarding the optimal management of patients with ICAO. Three participants did not respond. The Consensus Coordinator abstained from voting to avoid introducing bias, resulting in a final voting panel of 60 participants. RESULTS Across included studies, the proportion of patients with ICAO presenting with neurologic symptoms varied widely, ranging from 38-100%, while approximately 24-27% of patients were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Consensus (≥75%) was achieved in 11 of the 17 (64.7%) pre-specified statements. Most participants agreed that atherosclerotic ICAO represents a systemic manifestation of advanced atherosclerosis rather than isolated cerebrovascular pathology (56/60; 93.3%). Duplex ultrasound should be used as the first-line diagnostic tool for suspected ICAO, with CTA or MRA confirmation if necessary (59/60; 98.3%). Optimal medical therapy (including antiplatelet, antihypertensives, statins, and glycemic control) remains the cornerstone of ICAO management (59/60; 98.3%). Lifestyle and metabolic risk factor optimization, smoking cessation, optimizing body weight, a healthy diet and exercise, should be strongly advised in all ICAO patients (60/60; 100%). Most participants concurred that ICAO revascularization should be centralized in specialized vascular-neuro centers equipped for intra-operative neuromonitoring and advanced hemodynamic control (57/60; 95.0%). Finally, most participants agreed that current evidence for ICAO intervention is insufficient and that a global registry should be created to record outcomes and guide future trials (56/60; 93.3%). CONCLUSIONS This international, multi-specialty consensus highlights ICAO as a marker of advanced, systemic atherosclerosis. Management should emphasize comprehensive evaluation for multisystem vascular disease and aggressive modification of cardiovascular risk factors. Best medical therapy remains the cornerstone of the management of patients with ICAO, with conservative or invasive interventions considered selectively based on symptom status, anatomic considerations, procedural risk, and institutional expertise, to reduce the overall cardiovascular disease burden.

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used for evaluating renal anatomy and pathology, with multi-phase contrastenhanced imaging providing critical diagnostic information. However, acquiring multiple contrast phases requires repeated scans, in turn increasing radiation exposure. In addition, the development of AI methods for medical imaging is limited by the scarcity of datasets, often due to privacy and data sensitivity concerns. To address both of these limitations, we propose PhaseDiff, which learns the relationship between non-contrast and contrast-enhanced renal CT scans to synthesize arterial, portal venous, and delayed phases directly from non-contrast inputs. The framework is based on a conditional latent diffusion model that operates in a learned latent space, where a variational autoencoder encodes images into compact latent representations. Diffusion is applied only to the target contrast-enhanced latent, while the non-contrast latent is incorporated via channel-wise concatenation to provide spatial guidance. In addition, the desired contrast phase is introduced through cross-attention, enabling phase-controlled image synthesis. Trained on paired multi-phase CT data, PhaseDiff generates anatomically and phase-consistent contrast-enhanced images, highlighting the potential to reduce radiation exposure in renal CT workflows while also creating realistic synthetic datasets.

Introduction First onset of mania in older adults is unusual, and not often mentioned in literature. Studies suggest that new-onset mania in older adults is most commonly secondary due to pharmacological, metabolic or neurologic causes. Objectives Present the case report of a 70-year-old patient with an acute manic episode without previous health issues. Methods Psychiatric interview, laboratory tests, neuroradiological, microbiological and immunological examinations. Results A 70-year-old patient was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment due to altered behavior accompanied by agitation, thought process disorder, presence of paranoid delusions and increased sexual urges. The family provides information that the symptoms have lasted for about a year, but were intense 10 days before admission. In the first days of hospitalization, in addition to psychotic symptoms, strong affective irritability to the level of affective incontinence was noted, which led us to suspect the development of brain damage in the frontotemporal lobe. Information was obtained from family members that the patient had never previously had mental difficulties or been treated by a psychiatrist or other specialists. So far, he has been mostly healthy. Diagnostic tests were performed. Brain CT is completely normal. Laboratory findings show significantly elevated eosinophil values. The patient told us that approximately 8 months ago he ate pork that was not sufficiently heat-treated. An infectious disease specialist was consulted. Microbiological tests for trichinosis, leptospirosis, borreliosis, brucellosis and Q-fever were performed, as well as a series of immunological tests, of which IgE was elevated up to 160. All other tests were negative, except for elevated IgM antibodies to leptospirosis. Further infectious treatment is ongoing. The patient was treated with a mood stabilizer and antipsychotic in lower doses, which resulted in the cessation of psychomotor restlessness, reduction in delusional content and stabilization of affect. A double diagnosis of mania with psychotic symptoms and leptospirosis was made. Conclusions Although rare, first episodes of mania with or without psychotic symptoms also occur in the elderly population and are most often secondary, therefore a detailed diagnostic work-up and careful titration of psychopharmacotherapy is required. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in recent conflicts and growing threats to critical infrastructure has made reliable automatic drone detection an urgent security priority. Ensuring detection performance across diverse lighting conditions, especially nighttime scenarios where electro-optical (EO) visible-spectrum sensors are limited, remains a key challenge. This paper presents a controlled comparative study of EO and infrared thermal (IR) imaging modalities for UAV detection using the YOLO11n architecture, conducted within the NATO Science for Peace and Security Ai4CUAV project. A synchronized EO-IR dataset was collected under real-world daytime and nighttime conditions. The experiment uses paired daytime EO-IR data for direct EO-IR modality comparison, together with separate IR night-only and IR day-night datasets. Four YOLO11n models were trained under the same configuration. IR achieved higher performance than EO on paired daytime data (mAP@0.50: 0.946 vs. 0.905, F1: 0.950 vs. 0.912), supported reliable nighttime detection (mAP@0.50: 0.874, F1: 0.881), and achieved mAP@0.50 of 0.912 (F1: 0.915) when evaluated across combined day-night conditions. For the scenes and conditions represented in the evaluated dataset, both modalities perform strongly during daytime, while IR remained necessary for nighttime operation.

This study examines spatial marginalization in Bosansko Grahovo, one of the most depopulated and socio-economically underdeveloped municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the EU border with Croatia. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates a previously developed Geographical Marginalization Index (GMAR) with survey data and interviews. The findings reveal a strong convergence between quantitative indicators of marginalization and residents’ perceptions, supporting the interpretation of Bosansko Grahovo as an example of double periphery defined by geographical remoteness and systemic exclusion. While the border itself is not perceived as the primary driver of decline, post-war legacies, institutional fragmentation and infrastructural deficits interact cumulatively to produce what is conceptualized as a selfreinforcing vicious circle of marginalization. Combining quantitative indicators with perception-based evidence allows for a better understanding of how marginalization persists in peripheral border areas.