Anthelmintic resistance in livestock is a growing concern worldwide, with significant implications for animal health and agricultural productivity. This study explores the perceptions of veterinarians and farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding the factors contributing to anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus nematodes. Data were collected through structured questionnaires completed by 106 veterinarians and 188 farmers in 2022 and 2023. The analysis focused on self-reported therapeutic practices, farm management and environmental variables. Logistic regression, including Firth’s penalized approach, was used to assess associations between these perceived factors and the reported occurrence of resistance. Notably, combination anthelmintic treatments were perceived as a significant risk factor (OR > 49.3), while higher altitude was seen as potentially protective (OR = 0.10). Routine prophylactic deworming was associated with an increased likelihood of perceived resistance (OR = 173.7), whereas staying informed about newly registered products was perceived as protective (OR = 0.34). Although the findings are based on the self-reported perceptions and practices of veterinarians and farmers, they align with globally recognized trends and offer the first structured insights into factors perceived to contribute to anthelmintic resistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study underscores the importance of awareness and responsible anthelmintic use and the need for improved diagnostics and ongoing education to combat anthelmintic resistance.

The Western Balkan Six economies have advanced structural reforms to boost economic growth, create new jobs, and bring living standards closer to those in Europe. However, the Western Balkan residents continue to be encouraged to look for career and educational possibilities outside of the region due to the slow rate of convergence and the significant development gap with other European nations. Over the past ten years, the Western Balkan emigration rate has increased by 10%, and as a result, about one-fifth of the population now lives outside of the region. The high levels of emigration that continue can be extremely challenging for development. They may cause skill shortages and labor market distortions, which may discourage potential investors from making investments because they are unable to find the necessary skills. Gaining competitiveness, attracting investment, and navigating the area's ecological and digital transition all depend on human capital and a competent workforce that can meet the labor market's skill requirements and spur innovation. They are also important pillars of an economy's resilience and prosperity, which is important in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the changing nature of the global environment. The goal of this paper is to examine how immigrants contribute to innovation in Western Balkans. Using Total Factor Productivity as a measure of innovation. The focus is on the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia). The relationship between migration and innovation is examined not only at regional, but also at sectoral level. This makes it possible to quantify the direct impact of immigrants in the industry where they are really employed. To address the potential endogeneity of migration we adopt instrumental variable technique originally devised by Card (2001). Moreover, we carried out the analysis of human capital composition across sectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The offered recommendations can be used by policy makers when designing future policies. 

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of initial periodontal therapy on the periodontal status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. A total of 60 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease underwent initial periodontal therapy. Relevant data on HbA1c laboratory test results and periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and again three months later. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (version 13.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To compare periodontal indices between the initial and follow-up examinations, the General Linear Model – Repeated Measures (GLM-RM) was used. Additional variables that could potentially influence the outcome (therapeutic option, HbA1c levels, and presence of diabetes mellitus) were included as covariates. Descriptive statistics are presented as absolute values (n), relative values (%), and as means with standard deviations or interquartile ranges. Comparisons between variables were conducted using the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test, depending on the distribution of the data. Based on our study, it can be concluded that initial periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, when analyzed in correlation with HbA1c levels, resulted in a reduction in clinical periodontal inflammatory parameters. The duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and HbA1c levels did not have a statistically significant effect on the periodontal indices monitored in this study.

Root canal instrumentation is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. Among the various factors that influence the effectiveness of instrumentation, torque is particularly important. Adjusting the torque during root canal instrumentation not only improves dentin cutting efficiency but also decreases the potential for instrument fracture, canal transportation, or perforation. This paper explores the role of torque in endodontics, including its definition, measuring methods, effects on instrumentation, and implications for clinical outcomes. It specifically examines the parameters that influence torque generation during root canal instrumentation.

<p>The changes in pH and conductivity during the rinsing of the pumpkin peel and the biosorption of Cu²⁺ ions were the subject of this work. The obtained data showed that the pH value of the solutions increased during the rinsing of the biosorbent, as a result of the transfer of H⁺ ions from the aqueous phase into the structure of the pumpkin peel. An increase in the conductivity value was observed in the initial period of rinsing the pumpkin peel, followed by a decrease. The increase in conductivity in the initial phase contributed to the self-leaching of the alkali and alkaline earth metal ions from the structure of the pumpkin peel, which were transferred into the aqueous phase. The further decrease in conductivity is a result of the dilution of the aqueous phase. The pH value decreased during the biosorption of Cu²⁺ ions, as hydrogen ions were transferred from the pumpkin peel structure into the solution, and then exchanged with Cu²⁺ ions. The conductivity value increased during the biosorption process, with a rapid increase in the initial period of 5 minutes, due to the transfer of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions into the solution.</p>

Herbal medicine has long been essential in preventing and treating oral health issues, dating back to prehistoric times. Over the centuries, different cultures have developed advanced herbal remedies for conditions such as toothaches, gingivitis, oral ulcers, and bad breath. Recent research highlights the therapeutic benefits of plants like sage, aloe vera, miswak, clove, neem, chamomile, and mint, many of which are now incorporated into modern oral care products. The combination of ancient wisdom with contemporary scientific research reinforces the ongoing role of phytotherapy in modern dental practice.

Introduction: Medical interventions involving the zygomatic region, including maxillofacial surgery, implantology, and aesthetic procedures, require a comprehensive understanding of the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF) to minimize the risk of injury during surgical manipulation. Materials and Methods: This study examined the location, number and prevalence of zygomaticofacial foramina (ZFF) in fifty-seven dry human skulls of known age and sex. The lateral surface of the zygomatic bone was divided into four regions (A, B, C, and D) to assess the regional distribution of ZFF. Additionally, the distance between each ZFF and the most prominent point of the lateral zygomatic surface (ZP) was measured, using this point as the center of an imaginary clock to precisely determine foramina positioning. Results: Among the 114 sides analyzed, the ZFF was absent in 4.4% of cases. The distribution of foramina per side was as follows: one (40.4%), two (36.8%), three (10.5%), four (5.3%), and five (2.6%). The mean distance between the ZFF and the most prominent point of the zygomatic bone was 8,62 ± 2.54 mm. On the right side, mZFF were most frequently located at 1 o'clock (23.8%), 12 o'clock (25.0%), and 11 o'clock (28.5%), while on the left side, they were most commonly found at 1 o'clock (26.1%), 11 o'clock (28.9%), and 12 o'clock (31.9%). Conclusions: The anatomical variability of the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF) in terms of its number and position should be carefully considered when administering regional block anesthesia or performing surgical and aesthetic procedures in the zygomatic region.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of impacted canines among the orthodontic patients, and to examine the distribution of impactions in relation to gender (male vs. female), affected jaw (upper vs. lower), type of impaction (unilateral vs. bilateral) and affected side of the jaw (right vs. left). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using digital panoramic radiographs of 3432 patients (1467 males and 1965 females) who attended the Department of Orthodontics, University of Sarajevo – Faculty of Dentistry with Dental Clinical Center. The radiographs were screened to determine the position of the canines, its angulation and relationship with adjacent teeth and surrounding structures. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and differences between categorical variables, (such as gender /male and female/, affected jaw /upper vs. lower/, type of impaction/unilateral vs. bilateral/, and affected side of the jaw /right vs. left/) were tested using the chi-squared and Z-test. Results: In the sample of orthodontic patients, impacted canines were found in 3.82% subjects. The prevalence was higher in females (2.24%) compared to males (1.57%). The majority of the impacted canines were unilateral (3.29%) compared to bilateral (0.52%). The ratio of maxillary to mandibular impaction was 17.714:1 in favor of maxillary impactions. Conclusion: Impacted canines were found in 131 out of 3432 patients (3.82%). Females (2.24%) demonstrated a higher impaction rate than males (1.57%). However, the difference was not statistically significant.

This study analyzed the concentrations of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla) and collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) available on the market in the city of Mostar, with the aim of assessing potential carcinogenic risks for adults and children. Given that heavy metals are present in the environment and can accumulate in plants, understanding their concentrations and potential health impacts is particularly important. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) considers an acceptable carcinogenic risk to fall within the range of 1×10⁻⁶ to 1×10⁻⁴. The measured concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, and Pb) in Swiss chard (samples B1–B6) and collard greens (samples R1–R6) showed variability but were all below the maximum permissible levels set by the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina No. 68/14. The estimated potential carcinogenic risk for adults ranged from 2.53x10⁻⁵ to 2.64x10⁻⁵ for Swiss chard and from 1.06x10⁻⁵ to 8.55x10⁻⁶ mg/kg/day for collard greens. Higher risks were calculated for children, ranging from 3.55x10⁻⁵ to 1.62x10⁻⁵ mg/kg/day for Swiss chard and from 1.13x10⁻⁵ to 7.81x10⁻⁶ mg/kg/day for collard greens. Although the concentrations of heavy metals in the analyzed samples were low and the associated risks fall within the USEPA-recommended limits, continuous monitoring and control of heavy metal concentrations are advised to ensure food safety and protect consumer health.

The Srebrenica genocide stands as a stark and enduring reminder of the international community’s failure to prevent genocide, despite existing legal frameworks intended to safeguard populations from such atrocities. This event continues to raise pressing concerns regarding the effectiveness of international mechanisms and the actual extent of state obligations under international law. A central legal development in this context is the judgment rendered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro case, which has been widely scrutinized for the ambiguity it presents. Rather than delivering clear and definitive answers, the judgment has, in many respects, generated further questions, particularly concerning the obligations of states to prevent genocide as stipulated in the 1948 Genocide Convention. The ICJ’s approach to the interpretation of the duty to prevent genocide is notably inconsistent. In certain paragraphs, the judgment appears to adopt a relatively expansive understanding of state obligations, hinting at a broader responsibility to act against the threat of genocide. However, in other parts of the ruling, the Court takes a more restrictive stance, narrowing the scope of this obligation and potentially limiting its enforceability or applicability in practical terms. As a result, the judgment offers only limited and sometimes conflicting guidance for states seeking to understand the nature and extent of their responsibilities under the Genocide Convention. This inconsistency within the ruling has led to considerable uncertainty regarding the legal contours of the obligation to prevent genocide. While the judgment does provide some degree of clarification, it ultimately leaves unresolved critical aspects of how the duty should be interpreted and implemented in practice. The case, therefore, remains a subject of ongoing debate in both legal scholarship and international political discourse, highlighting the continuing need for greater precision in defining states’ preventive obligations under international law.

This paper proposes a method for planning the optimal capacities of a photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery energy storage system (BESS), ensuring compliance with all operational network constraints through the application of the flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for absolute active power control of the PV system. The considered constraints, related to the thermal loading of power lines, as well as the maximum permissible node voltages according to EN50160, are defined by standards governing the probabilistic behavior of the system within specific time intervals. The proposed methodology is based on a sequential Monte Carlo simulation and black-box optimization using the DIRECT (DIviding RECTangles) method. The main advantage of the simulator is that the key variables are treated as correlated stochastic processes rather than independent random variables. The objective of the proposed optimization is to maximize the profit of energy production and storage devices. The developed optimization procedure has been applied to determine the optimal configuration of the PV system for a predefined node in the IEEE 33 test system.

Autonomous Vehicle decisions rely on multimodal prediction models that account for multiple route options and the inherent uncertainty in human behavior. However, models can suffer from mode collapse, where only the most likely mode is predicted, posing significant safety risks. While existing methods employ various strategies to generate diverse predictions, they often overlook the diversity in interaction modes among agents. Additionally, traditional metrics for evaluating prediction models are dataset-dependent and do not evaluate inter-agent interactions quantitatively. To our knowledge, none of the existing metrics explicitly evaluates mode collapse. In this paper, we propose a novel evaluation framework that assesses mode collapse in joint trajectory predictions, focusing on safety-critical interactions. We introduce metrics for mode collapse, mode correctness, and coverage, emphasizing the sequential dimension of predictions. By testing four multi-agent trajectory prediction models, we demonstrate that mode collapse indeed happens. When looking at the sequential dimension, although prediction accuracy improves closer to interaction events, there are still cases where the models are unable to predict the correct interaction mode, even just before the interaction mode becomes inevitable. We hope that our framework can help researchers gain new insights and advance the development of more consistent and accurate prediction models, thus enhancing the safety of autonomous driving systems.

Urbanisation and land-use change are among the main pressures on soil health in periurban areas, but the multifunctionality of grassland soils is still not sufficiently recognised. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of soils under grassland, forest and croplands in the periurban area of Zagreb were investigated in a two-year period. Grasslands consistently exhibited multifunctional benefits, including high organic matter content (4.68% vs. 2.24% in cropland), improved bulk density (1.14 vs. 1.24 g cm−3) and an active carbon cycle indicated by increased CO2 emissions (up to 1403 kg ha−1 day−1 in 2021). Forest soils showed the highest aggregate stability (91.4%) and infiltration (0.0006 cm s−1), while croplands showed signs of structural degradation with the highest bulk density and lowest water retention (39.9%). Temporal variation showed that grassland was particularly responsive to favourable climatic conditions, with soil porosity and water content improving yearly. Principal component analysis showed that soil structure, biological activity and moisture regulation were linked, with grassland plots favourably positioned along the axes of resilience. The absence of tillage and the presence of permanent vegetation cover contributed to their high capacity for climate and water regulation and carbon sequestration. These results emphasise the importance of protecting and managing grasslands as an important component of urban green areas. Practices such as mulching, minimal disturbance and continuous cover can maximise the ecosystem services of grassland soils. In addition, the results highlight the potential risk of trace metal accumulation in cropland and grassland soils located near urban and farming infrastructure, underlining the need for regular monitoring in periurban environments. Integrating grassland functions into urban planning and policy is essential for improving the sustainability and resilience of periurban landscapes.