Abstract Biotic stress caused by pests on citrus trees has become a major problem for ecologists around the world, hence the need to develop ecological approaches to surmount this stress. To evaluate the effectiveness of diverse control methods on the pest Panonychus citri and its predators, Euseius stipulatus, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp. Different treatments were applied in orchards planted by Citrus clementina in the Gharb area of Morocco (T0 = treated by water only, T1 = spirodiclofen (the molecular formula is C21H24Cl2O4). 0.5 L/ha, T2 = 5% black soap 125 L/ha, Its ingredients are: argan oil, olive oil, black olive, salt, water, vegetable potash, without chemicals. T3 = mixture of two detergents; Oni product is composed of the following ingredients (sodium C12-13 parenth sulfate, and sodium C14-17 alkyl sec sulfonate) and Tide product with the following ingredients (sodium C10-16 alkylbenzene sulfonate, propylene glycol and sodium borate). Results obtained during the follow-up period showed that the black soap, spirodiclofen, and two detergent treatments provided a decrease in the P. citri population in comparison with plot treated by water during the whole monitoring period. We found 5,044 mobile forms of P. citri in the plot treated by water only, 1,544 forms in the plot treated with spirodiclofen, 3,002 forms in the plot treated with black soap, and 1,567 mobile forms in the plot treated with two detergents. This study demonstrated that all three treatments had a negative effect on the predators that survived in comparison to the control (T0), while the negative impact of spirodiclofen on beneficial phytoseiid mites was greater than that of black soap and detergents. However, the increase in temperature according to the follow-up weeks showed a significant effect on the evolution of the density of the studied mites. Unfortunately, the chemical products like spirodiclofen used against various citrus pests are considered toxic to phytoseiids and to the agro-ecosystem in general. This comparison aims to detect the effectiveness of black soap and mixtures of two detergents on P. citri and their impacts on its predators: E. stipulatus, P. persimilis, and Typhlodromus sp. to replace the use of pesticides by these alternative methods, which remain effective and environmentally friendly.

Background/Aim: Clinical research nursing is a well-known concept in Europe and other countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards clinical research and their opinions and self-evaluation about clinical research nursing and factors affecting them. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska (UCCRS). A questionnaire included 50 questions/ statements was created in order to address the aims of the research and afterwards distributed to 120 nurses from 6 departments. Results: Response rate was 91.6 %. Most of the respondents showed a low level of knowledge, but positive attitude related to clinical research. Nurses who participated in clinical research were confident in their competencies according to their self-evaluation. Conclusion: Systematic approach to the additional nurses education could have a significant impact on a success of clinical research.

Introduction/Objective. Nursing Activities Score (NAS) is one of the most accepted and widely used scores for assessing the workload of the nursing staff in regards of qualitative and quantitative adequacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate and analyze nursing workload in cardiac surgery intensive care unit (CSICU) using the NAS in a contemporary set of patients undergoing heart surgery. Methods. The study included 809 consecutive patients admitted to adult CSICU who had major cardiac surgery during the year of 2019. Demographic data were collected from medical records (gender, age, type of treatment, length of stay [LOS], and discharge), EuroSCORE II and NAS value. Results. The majority of patients underwent coronary (43.1%), valvular (32.6%) and combined (24.2%) cardiac surgery procedure. The average patient LOS in CSICU was 2.5 ? 3.4 days. The average NAS value in our sample was 100.8% ? 63.1%. NAS value during the first operative day was a poor marker of the outcome in terms of mortality (C-index 0.520, 95% CI - 0.422-0.617, p=0.676). Significant difference was observed in terms of average NAS value between the patients submitted to coronary surgery and combined surgery (p = 0.001). NAS has been shown to be useful for assessing activity in a CSICU, confirming the optimal workload of nurses, while higher NAS values in our hospital indicate increased workload compared to similar institutions. Conclusion. NAS provided viable information regarding the care and hospitalization of patients in a CSICU. In accordance to NAS, the optimal level of nursing workload was established in our hospital settings.

We present a resistance switching device that exhibits analogue potentiation and depression of conductance under the same voltage polarity. This contrasts with previously studied devices that potentiate and depress under opposite polarities. We refer to this mode of operation as the subthreshold regime due to it occurring at voltage or current biases that are insufficient to produce discrete or non-volatile switching. This behaviour has the potential to reduce the complexity of neuronal and synaptic circuitry in neuromorphic computing by removing the need for voltage pulses of both positive and negative polarities. The characteristically long timescales may also help replicate bio-realistic timings. In this article, we detail how to induce this unique behaviour, how to tune its properties to a desired response, and finally, we demonstrate one potential application.

This article aims to summarise the current situation regarding digital archaeological archives in Bosnia and Herzogivina.

The Una-Sana Canton (the northwest part of Bosnia and Herzegovina) abounds in large forest areas, where the self-sown sweet chestnuts Castanea sativa Mill. grow. However, the plant has been endangered due to the negative effects of disease-causing agents, harmful insects, and human factors (uncontrolled forest logging). Moreover, the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas causes significant damage to the local chestnut fruit. This study aims to analyze the emergence of the pest and the damage which it produces in the forest areas of the northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, precisely in Una-Sana Canton. The presence of the chestnut weevil has been examined on samples taken from 15 locations in chestnut forest in the municipalities of Cazin, Velika Kladuša and Bužim. In order to research this phenomenon more precisely, each fruit has been cut, the larvae have been separated from it and damage in the inner part of the fruit has been observed. The number of larvae has been noted per a sample. With respect to each sample, the mass of healthy and damaged part of the fruit has been measured. The number of larvae ranges from 5 to 15 per sample. The percentage of damaged fruit parts ranges from 4,2% to 13,6%. The reason for the increased presence of the chestnut weevil in the analyzed chestnut forest is in addition to the beneficial chemical composition of the fruit and the late detection of the presence of insect existing in severely large populations. The use of chemical preparations (pesticides) as a solution to this issue is ecologically unacceptable, especially in a larger area. It is mandatory to manually collect all the fruit that fells of the chestnut trees prematurely and, moreover, to stop the further development of the larvae. Considerable results can also be achieved by separating individual chestnut stands and changing the purpose of its use, as well as combining the method with the limited use of pesticides.

Background: Bone morphogenetic protein -4 (BMP-4) plays important role in many aspects of carcinogenesis but is also involved in progression and metastasis of breast cancer where its precise role is yet to be elucidated. Objective: Since the majority of studies related to BMP-4 expression in breast cancer were conducted on cell lines of mouse models, we aimed to investigate BMP-4 tissue expression in primary human breast cancer and to correlate it with standard pathological factors for breast cancer, progression and survival. Methods: We analyzed immunohistochemical expression of BMP-4 in primary breast cancer tissue of 97 patients, correlated it with standard pathological factors for breast cancer and investigated its impact on progression and survival. Results: BMP-4 expression was positive in 74.23% breast cancer tissue specimens. We found that hormone positive breast tumors are more likely to show BMP-4 strong granular staining pattern (p<0.01; p=0.029, respectively). There was significant association between stage group and BMP-4 expression in order that stage III breast cancer group were predominantly BMP-4 positive tumors (p=0.046). Although the most common site of distant metastases in patients with BMP-4 positive tumors were bones, we found no significant association (p>0.05). Patients with BMP-4 positive breast cancer showed longer overall and progression-free survival, but the results did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of our study in some extent can confirm the current available data and suggest that the role of BMP-4 in breast cancer is ambiguous, acting both as tumor suppressor and tumor promoter in breast cancer. For final elucidation of its impact on survival and progression in breast cancer, multicentric studies on larger sample size are required.

Introduction/Objective. Deprogramming of the neuromuscular system with the use of stabilization splint might provide more precise evaluation of the centric relation (CR) - maximum intercuspation (MI) discrepancy. The study aimed to evaluate the differences between the bite registrations obtained in the CR before and after the application of the stabilization splint therapy. Methods. The sample included 48 non-deprogrammed individuals without any apparent signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The neuromuscular system was deprogrammed by employing stabilization splint therapy. A condylar displacement evaluation was performed on vertical, horizontal and transverse planes of space, with the assistance of a condylar position indicator (CPI). Results. The mean values of condylar displacements, which were obtained after the deprogramming of the neuromuscular system, were significantly greater than those obtained before neuromuscular deprogramming for vertical condylar displacement (p < .0001). A greater degree of condylar distraction was observed on the left side of the vertical plane before (p < .01) and after neuromuscular deprogramming (p < .05). The highest level of condylar displacement occurred in the postero-inferior direction subsequent to the muscle deprogramming. Conclusion. It was observed that the level of average condylar displacements was significantly higher following the deprogramming of the neuromuscular system compared to that recorded before neuromuscular deprogramming using stabilization splint therapy. A more precise orthodontic diagnosis could have been obtained if the condyles were placed in a more exact CR position by muscle deprogramming.

Background/Aim: The aim of the research is to assess the psychosocial impact of malocclusion, to determine the relationship with the degree of need for orthodontic treatment, and to assess the influence of gender on this relationship in adolescents. Material and Methods: A total of 100 subjects, aged 12 to 18, participated in the research. The subjects had no previous orthodontic treatment. The assessment of the need for orthodontic treatment was performed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), namely the Dental Health Component (DHC) and the Aesthetic Component (AC). The psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics was assessed using the PIDAQ questionnaire. Results: The total PIDAQ score, as well as its 4 subclasses, dental self-confidence, psychological impact, social impact and aesthetic concern have a positive correlation with the categories of the IOTN. The psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics is similar in boys and girls, except that girls showed a slightly greater aesthetic concern due to the presence of malocclusion. Conclusions: The present malocclusion has a psychological and social impact on the individual, but it also negatively affects his dental self-confidence and aesthetic concerns. The results of the PIDAQ questionnaire can guide the orthodontist to the patient's basic problem and thus provide guidelines for orthodontic treatment.

Background/Aim: The objective of this research was to evaluate the level of oral hygiene, the prevalence of caries, and the condition of the soft tissues in children and adolescents referred for their first orthodontic examination. Material and Methods: The research was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics of Sarajevo University - at the Faculty of Dentistry with the Dental Clinical Center. A total of 300 patients with mixed and permanent dentition who were referred for their first orthodontic examination were included in the study. The patients were offered to sign a Letter of Informed Consent for this study. All patients were assigned a Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (dmft/DMFT) index. Periodontal indices were evaluated on all first permanent molars and all permanent central incisors. The periodontal indices included the determination of PI,CI,GI, PBI. Results: The results were processed with the application of standard statistical methods, by using the SPSS computer program for statistical analyses (SPSS-Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 21.0. The results of this study show a high dmft and DMFT indices in patients referred for orthodontic examination. The dmft index value in the respondents with mixed dentition was 3.0 (1.0 - 6.0). The DMFT index value in the respondents with permanent dentition was 4.0 (0.0 - 6.0), while in the respondents with mixed dentition, it was 1.0 (0.0 - 3.0). Our research also shows that out of 300 patients referred to an orthodontist for their first orthodontic examination, 250 of them (83.33%) have demonstrated an increased value of the Plaque index. Conclusions: The results of this research should be peculiarly alarming for pedodontists and general dentists, cautioning them to implement caries prevention measures more intensively and make referrals to an orthodontist only in case of those patients who have been cured previously.

The subject of our research is the evolution of the principle of immediacy in general criminal proceedings in Serbian law, with the aim of observing the basic tendencies in that development. In this article, the results of the first part of the research were published, in which the analysis and comparison of the principle of immediacy in our first two procedural codes was carried out: The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1865 and The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1929. Both codes generally respected the structural, personal and temporal segments of the principle of immediacy, allowing for a number of exceptions from it. These exceptions were much more radical in the reactionary Code of Criminal Procedure from 1865, of a moderately inquisitorial type. Not only is the principle of immediacy not implemented in it with all its consequences, but it is also made illusory. The adoption of the principle of positive legal evaluation of evidence and the dominance of the inquisitorial principle contributed to that. The main trial was only a facade, behind which there was a significant possibility of penetration of investigative materials, regardless of whether it came from judicial or police authorities. In contrast, the Criminal Procedure Code of 1929 was based on procedural principles, such as accusatory, immediacy, publicity, orality, adversary, material truth and free evaluation of the criminal proceedings. The principle of immediacy was consistently implemented, with some reasonable and mostly acceptable exceptions in the structural and personal party segment. In some cases, the judgment could be based on investigative materials, but they were always CORT records. That code consistently adhered to rhe rule that no one could be tried and convicted in absentia. Its provisions aimed at preserving the continuity of the main trial are to be commended.