Radar is an effective tool for continuous monitoring and quantification of aerial bird movement and used to study migration and local flight behaviour. However, systems with automated tracking algorithms do not provide the level of processing sufficient to guarantee reliable data. Therefore, post‐processing such radar data is required but often non‐trivial, especially in challenging environments such as open sea. We present a post‐processing framework that implements knowledge of the radar system and bird biology to filter the data and retrieve reliable, high‐quality tracking data. The framework is split into three modules, each with a specific aim: (I) sub‐setting based on prior knowledge of the radar system and bird flight, (II) improving bird track quality and (III) detecting and removing spatio‐temporal sections of data that have a clear bias for false observations. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated with a case study comparing track densities inside and outside an offshore wind farm, and by applying the workflow to a dataset of visually validated radar tracks. Application of Module I resulted in a dataset of 520.894 bird tracks (19.5% of total data) within a 10.4 km2 area. Additionally, 18.734 tracks were corrected for geometric errors in Module II, and Module III identified 236 of 719 observation hours and an area of 1.55 km2 as unreliable for spatio‐temporal analysis. No difference in track densities was found between the area inside and outside the wind farm when using the post‐processed data, whereas using the unprocessed bird tracks, lower track densities were observed outside the wind farm. Of the visually validated radar tracks, the framework removed 85% of false positive bird tracks, while retaining 80% of true positive bird tracks. The framework provides a logical workflow to increase the reliability and quality of a bird radar dataset while being adaptable to the radar system and its surroundings. This is a first step towards standardising the post‐processing methodology for automated bird radar systems, which can facilitate comparative analyses of bird movement in space and time and improve the quality of ecological impact assessments.

Bats are a natural host for a number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic and thus present a threat to human health. RNA viruses of the family Filoviridae, many of which cause disease in humans, have been associated with specific bat hosts. Lloviu virus is a Filovirus which has been connected to mass mortality events in Miniopterus schreibersii colonies in Spain and Hungary, and some studies have indicated its immense zoonotic potential. A die-off has been recorded among Miniopterus schreibersii in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina for the first time, prompting the investigation to determine the causative agent. Bat carcasses were collected and subjected to pathological examination, after which the lung samples with notable histopathological changes, lung samples with no changes and guano were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing and RT-PCR. A partial Lloviu virus genome was sequenced from lung samples with histopathological changes and found to be closely related to Hungarian and Italian virus sequences. Further accumulation of mutations on the GP gene, coding the glycoprotein responsible for cell tropism and host preference, enhances the need for further characterization and monitoring of this virus to prevent spillover events and protect human health.

This study aimed to assess the microbi- ological quality of Livno cheese and milk as its raw material. It also investigated potential differences in microorganism presence and quantity between milk and cheese to under- stand the impact of milk processing on micro- biological quality. A total of 15 raw milk and 15 Livno ripened cheese samples were ana- lysed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Detection and quan- tification were performed for the following microorganisms: coagulase-positive staphy- lococci, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (for milk samples), E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, sulfite-re- ducing clostridia (for cheese samples), yeasts and moulds. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the samples. Microbiological analy- sis of milk revealed varying levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, moulds, and L. monocytogenes. Coagu- lase-positive staphylococci were detected in only two of 15 raw milk samples. In 15 Livno cheese samples, all tested microorganisms were below detectable levels except for E. coli (found in two samples) and Enterobacteriaceae (found in three samples). Statistical tests indi- cated significant differences in microbial pres- ence and quantity between milk and cheese, except for coagulase-positive staphylococci. Given the importance of cheese microbiology for food safety and consumer health, this re- search provides valuable insights into the pro- duction and quality control of this traditional Bosnian cheese.

To date there remains much ambiguity in the literature regarding the immunological interplay between SARS‐CoV‐2 and HIV and the true risk posed to coinfected individuals. There has been little conclusive data regarding the use of CD4 cell count and HIV viral load stratification as predictors of COVID‐19 severity in this cohort.

AIM To evaluate the progression of wound healing of standardized palatal defects in groups using three different collagen-based wound dressings and a control group, in terms of wound closure, pain perception and descriptive histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty participants were enrolled in this experimental study, in whom four palatal defects were created. The defects (6 mm diameter, 3 mm depth) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment modalities: C (control), MG (Mucograft®), MD (mucoderm®) and FG (Fibro-Gide®). Photographs were taken, and pain assessment was performed before and after treatment and at 5, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 16 days after surgery. All participants wore a palatal splint for a duration of 16 days. RESULTS All groups achieved complete wound closure at 14 days. The percentage of the remaining open wound on day 7 amounted to 49.3% (C; interquartile range [IQR]: 22.6), 70.1% (FG; IQR: 20.7), 56.8% (MD; IQR: 26.3) and 62.2% (MG; IQR: 34.4). Statistically significant differences were found between FG and C (p =.01) and between MD and FG (p =.04). None of the participants rated pain higher than 4 out of 10 during the entire study period. CONCLUSIONS Collagen-based wound dressings provide coverage of open defects, albeit without acceleration of wound closure or reduction of pain. FG (which is not intended for open oral wounds) showed slower wound closure compared to C and MD.

Many domains now leverage the benefits of Machine Learning (ML), which promises solutions that can autonomously learn to solve complex tasks by training over some data. Unfortunately, in cyberthreat detection, high-quality data is hard to come by. Moreover, for some specific applications of ML, such data must be labeled by human operators. Many works "assume" that labeling is tough/challenging/costly in cyberthreat detection, thereby proposing solutions to address such a hurdle. Yet, we found no work that specifically addresses the process of labeling from the viewpoint of ML security practitioners. This is a problem: to this date, it is still mostly unknown how labeling is done in practice---thereby preventing one from pinpointing "what is needed" in the real world. In this paper, we take the first step to build a bridge between academic research and security practice in the context of data labeling. First, we reach out to five subject matter experts and carry out open interviews to identify pain points in their labeling routines. Then, by using our findings as a scaffold, we conduct a user study with 13 practitioners from large security companies and ask detailed questions on subjects such as active learning, costs of labeling, and revision of labels. Finally, we perform proof-of-concept experiments addressing labeling-related aspects in cyberthreat detection that are sometimes overlooked in research. Altogether, our contributions and recommendations serve as a stepping stone to future endeavors aimed at improving the quality and robustness of ML-driven security systems. We release our resources.

This paper emphasizes the significance of waqfs in the development of Mostar. Thanks to that institution, Mostar has become one of the largest cultural and economic centers in Eyalet of Bosnia. Special attention was given to the waqf of Babussaade Agha, Ahmed Agha. His waqfiye, which is an integral part of this work, contains information about new buildings, money and other things endowed by the aforementioned Ahmed Agha. It also includes changes to some of his previous waqfiya’s stipulations. His endowments in Istanbul and Mostar are mentioned in the waqfiye. Because little is known about his waqf in Mostar, this work aims to draw attention to the waqfiya’s text. The content of Ahmed Aga’s waqfiye demonstrates the importance of his waqf for cultural life in Mostar and his role in enlightening local imams and students.

As part of the research, the population of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle in different types of forests in five protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina was analyzed. The study focused on the protected areas of Sarajevo Canton, specifically the secondary forests of fir and spruce, as well as the mixed forests of beech and fir (containing spruce). Pheromone traps were used as the research sample, and they were placed within PA Bijambara, PA Trebević, and PA Skakavac. The objective was to investigate the influence of forest type and climatological factors on the number of captured Ips typographus bark beetles from 2018 to 2021. The average number of captured I. typographus bark beetles during that period ranged from 491.39 to 901.68 individuals in secondary fir and spruce forests, and from 201.88 to 701.54 individuals in beech and fir forests (including spruce).

Introduction: Teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina had insufficient skills in educational technology but had to lead the introduction of online teaching and adapt all aspects of the educational process to the online environment, which placed a great burden on them. The main objective of this research was to identify the challenges faced by teachers during the lockdown period. The sudden shift to online teaching, lack of preparation, and social isolation resulted in significant changes in job demands, perceived control, and social support in the workplace. Methods: A correlational study was conducted with a sample of 345 employees in the education sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Descriptive analysis, multiple regression analysis, and t-tests were performed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The results indicate that teachers who did not have adequate workspace at home experienced greater workload but remained highly motivated. High job demands and low social support at work are associated with increased stress and decreased psychophysical functioning, while higher social support is associated with higher life satisfaction. In addition, higher job demands and stronger social support were related to greater intrinsic and extrinsic motivation at work. Conclusion: Results show that teachers lacking proper home workspaces reported their work as notably more demanding and stress-inducing, with a reported decline in their overall psychophysical well-being. Moreover, they expressed a reduced sense of control over their work, diminished social support, and lower levels of life satisfaction. These findings provide a valuable foundation for developing recommendations to address crisis situations in education, particularly when teachers transition from physical classrooms to virtual spaces, which is also important for online teaching and learning in typical times.

ABSTRACT Difficulties in various cognitive functions are common observations in people experiencing anxiety. However, limited research has investigated the effects of psychotherapy on abnormal cognitive functioning. This study assessed whether psychotherapy-related reductions of anxiety result in improvements of cognitive functioning as well. Fifty-four participants with high self-reported anxiety, divided into two experimental groups (N = 28 and N = 26), and 27 non-anxious control participants (N = 27) completed a battery of memory tasks and anxiety questionnaires in three consecutive time points. In experimental group 1, participants started systemic family therapy immediately after the first time point, while, in experimental group 2, participants begun the same type of therapy three months later at the second time point. The results showed that, compared to control participants, at the beginning of the experiment, participants in the experimental groups had significantly lower memory performance, along with higher anxiety. Psychotherapy had a beneficial effect on anxiety symptoms and cognitive performance, with significant changes occurring only after intervals of treatments. These results show that psychotherapy is effective not only in reducing anxiety symptoms but on cognitive functioning as well. This improvement might be linked to the release of cognitive resources previously absorbed by worrisome thoughts, facilitated by a heightened protection from interference.

Background: Oral ruxolitinib is FDA-approved for the treatment of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD), and ruxolitinib cream has been approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and vitiligo. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of skin-directed therapy for cutaneous cGvHD but are associated with significant side effects, and may incompletely treat cutaneous cGvHD thereby prompting the use of systemic therapies. Methods: We conducted a single-center, phase 2 prospective, randomized, double-blind trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib 1.5% cream in patients ≥12 years old with cutaneous nonsclerotic (lichen planus-like, poikilodermatous) and superficially sclerotic (lichen sclerosus, morphea-like) cGvHD with ≥2% of body surface area (BSA) affected. Patients were eligible if systemic therapy, when applicable, was stable for ≥4 weeks and concurrent topical therapy (including phototherapy) was not used. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive ruxolitinib 1.5% cream to the left or right side of face/body with placebo vehicle cream to contralateral side twice daily for 28 days. The primary endpoint was efficacy at Day 28, as measured by BSA of the GvHD rash on the side of face/body treated with ruxolitinib cream vs contralateral side treated with vehicle. Secondary endpoints included Physician's Global Assessment (PGA), and Composite Assessment of Index Lesion Severity (CAILS) at Days 14 and 28. For the exploratory endpoint, skin samples were noninvasively collected using the SmartSticker™ and RNA-sequencing was used to investigate gene expression differences between 1) ruxolitinib and vehicle treatments, and 2) responders (PGA 0-4) and nonresponders (PGA 5-6) at Day 28. Results: Between 6/28/19 - 9/08/22, 24 patients (median age 47.5 years (range 18-78 years; 11 [46%] male) underwent randomization; Day 14 and Day 28 assessments were completed by 22 and 23 patients, respectively. Most patients had a history of acute leukemia (N=16 [67%]) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (N=4 [16%]). Median time from transplant to enrollment was 455 days (IQR 357-1020), and from cGvHD onset to enrollment 132 days (IQR 19-384). Most patients had cutaneous nonsclerotic cGvHD (N=21, 87%) with lichen planus-like (N=11), papulosquamous (N=7), and maculopapular rash/erythema features (N=3). Three patients had lichen sclerosus-like cGvHD. Patients were heavily pretreated and had a median of 2 prior systemic treatments. Most patients had failed ≥2 topical therapies: 88% failed topical steroids, 42% topical calcineurin inhibitors, and 29% phototherapy. BSA of cGvHD on the treatment side compared to the vehicle side was significantly improved from Day 1 (14.4 vs 14.5% on treatment/vehicle; p=0.12) to Day 14 (7.7 vs 10.4; p=0.002) to Day 28 (6.2 vs 10.4; p=0.003), respectively. Both secondary endpoints were significantly improved with treatment starting on Day 14 and continuing into Day 28 (PGA D1: 5 treatment vs 5 vehicle; D14: 2.7 vs 3.8, p=0.002; D28: 1.9 vs 3.7, p=0.0004. CAILS D1: 15 treatment vs 15.3 vehicle, p=0.12; D14: 6.9 vs 11, p=0.0009; D28: 5.8 vs 10.6, p=0.004). Seven patients experienced 16 treatment-emergent AEs, the most commonly observed was orofacial dermatitis attributed to protective mask use (n=2). One grade 1 headache was possibly attributed to therapy. RNA sequencing from 22 ruxolitinib- and vehicle- treated patient pairs at Day 28 identified 324 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold change (FC)> 2; adjp=0.05) with primary pathway differences in translocation of ZAP-70 to immunological synapse, PD-1 signaling, and Th17 cell differentiation ( Figure 1). Additionally, 288 DEGs (FC>2; p=0.05) were identified between responders (n = 17) and nonresponders (n = 5) at Day 28 ( Figure 2) with pathway differences in IL-12 signaling. Responders had upregulated expression of LCP1 and SOD2, while nonresponders had upregulation in CA1 and SNRPA1. Conclusions: This is the first study to characterize the effect of topical JAK1/2 blockade on cutaneous cGVHD. Ruxolitinib 1.5% cream was safe and effective compared to placebo in treating cutaneous nonsclerotic and superficially sclerotic GvHD. Responders to ruxolitinib cream had genomic signature differences in IL-12 signaling from nonresponders. These encouraging results support a larger clinical trial to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical ruxolitinib in patients with cutaneous cGvHD.