Bats are a natural host for a number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic and thus present a threat to human health. RNA viruses of the family Filoviridae, many of which cause disease in humans, have been associated with specific bat hosts. Lloviu virus is a Filovirus which has been connected to mass mortality events in Miniopterus schreibersii colonies in Spain and Hungary, and some studies have indicated its immense zoonotic potential. A die-off has been recorded among Miniopterus schreibersii in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina for the first time, prompting the investigation to determine the causative agent. Bat carcasses were collected and subjected to pathological examination, after which the lung samples with notable histopathological changes, lung samples with no changes and guano were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing and RT-PCR. A partial Lloviu virus genome was sequenced from lung samples with histopathological changes and found to be closely related to Hungarian and Italian virus sequences. Further accumulation of mutations on the GP gene, coding the glycoprotein responsible for cell tropism and host preference, enhances the need for further characterization and monitoring of this virus to prevent spillover events and protect human health.

Previous research has established that during all phases of a crisis, people resort to different means of communication in order to get more information (McIntyre et al., 2012, Nelson et al., 2009, Lachlan et al., 2009), in order to reduce uncertainty ( Lachlan et al., 2010), and to gain a sense of control over the situation (Lachlan et al., 2016). At the beginning of the 21st century, mass communication is taking on new forms. The exponential growth and affirmation of the Internet as a very important channel for communication has minimized the influence of traditional media. Digitization processes, interactivity, multimedia, connection and networking of a large number of people and expediency in the dissemination of information enabled the wide use of social networks in times of crisis. In the first part of the paper, previous research on the use of social networks in crisis communication was synthesized, through the presentation of best practices for effective communication. The second part of the paper provides a detailed analysis of the use of social networks on the example of the war in Ukraine, answering two important questions: 1. how are social networks used to spread competing national narratives and disinformation in times of crisis? and 2. what is the role of social media owners and government policies in limiting disinformation?

Radar is an effective tool for continuous monitoring and quantification of aerial bird movement and used to study migration and local flight behaviour. However, systems with automated tracking algorithms do not provide the level of processing sufficient to guarantee reliable data. Therefore, post‐processing such radar data is required but often non‐trivial, especially in challenging environments such as open sea. We present a post‐processing framework that implements knowledge of the radar system and bird biology to filter the data and retrieve reliable, high‐quality tracking data. The framework is split into three modules, each with a specific aim: (I) sub‐setting based on prior knowledge of the radar system and bird flight, (II) improving bird track quality and (III) detecting and removing spatio‐temporal sections of data that have a clear bias for false observations. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated with a case study comparing track densities inside and outside an offshore wind farm, and by applying the workflow to a dataset of visually validated radar tracks. Application of Module I resulted in a dataset of 520.894 bird tracks (19.5% of total data) within a 10.4 km2 area. Additionally, 18.734 tracks were corrected for geometric errors in Module II, and Module III identified 236 of 719 observation hours and an area of 1.55 km2 as unreliable for spatio‐temporal analysis. No difference in track densities was found between the area inside and outside the wind farm when using the post‐processed data, whereas using the unprocessed bird tracks, lower track densities were observed outside the wind farm. Of the visually validated radar tracks, the framework removed 85% of false positive bird tracks, while retaining 80% of true positive bird tracks. The framework provides a logical workflow to increase the reliability and quality of a bird radar dataset while being adaptable to the radar system and its surroundings. This is a first step towards standardising the post‐processing methodology for automated bird radar systems, which can facilitate comparative analyses of bird movement in space and time and improve the quality of ecological impact assessments.

The appearance of asymmetric loading in the low voltage power distribution network has a negative effect on the voltage profile and power quality. In order to successfully analyze the conditions of the low voltage power supply, this paper presents simulated and analyzed voltage disturbances along the distribution network radial lines for the occurrence of different three-phase power system loading. In the simulation, the influence of asymmetric loading, section length and character of loads on the measured values is presented. The effects of distributed or concentrated loads at individual points of the power lines in terms of the voltage conditions improving were specifically considered.

Triterpenes are very important secondary metabolites with wide structural diversity and significant role in pharmacy and medicine.In the present research, a comparative study of pharamacological activities of the triterpene fractions obtained from several plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family, was carried out. In-vitro anti-proliferative activity was performed using a standardproliferation assay based on tetrazolium salts. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of triterpene fractions was determined by an assay of inhibition of albumin denaturation. In general, the triterpene fractions obtained from plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family showed a strong anti-proliferative activity and anti-inflammatory activity.The triterpene fraction of Rosmarini folium showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity (GI50range from 4 to 37 μg/ml) and the strongest anti-inflammatory activity in the range from 57.27% to 80.69%. This comparative study provides scientific evidence to support the traditional use of Lamiacae plant species for medical purposes as anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative medicines.

: Phenolic aldehydes and their derivatives found in nature are well-known for their potential biological activity. In this study, four 1-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) derived from phenolic aldehydes were synthesized by phosphate buffer mediated Pictet-Spengler reaction. All derivatives were chemically and structurally characterized by elemental CHN analysis and spectroscopic methods (IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1 H-and 13 C-NMR). 1-Substituted THIQs derived from 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde were described for the first time. In order to cover the diversity of the mechanistic approach, but also to establish the relationship between structure and activity, antioxidant activity was examined by five different in vitro methods, namely: neutralization and reduction of stable free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and radical cation derived from [(2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], ferric reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and ability to chelate Fe(II) ions. In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was examined by the Ellman's colorimetric method, while computer-simulated docking was used to reveal the preferred binding site and major interaction between AChE and THIQs. Antibacterial testing was examined using the agar well method and results were presented in the form of zones of inhibition (mm).

This study aimed to assess the microbi- ological quality of Livno cheese and milk as its raw material. It also investigated potential differences in microorganism presence and quantity between milk and cheese to under- stand the impact of milk processing on micro- biological quality. A total of 15 raw milk and 15 Livno ripened cheese samples were ana- lysed for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Detection and quan- tification were performed for the following microorganisms: coagulase-positive staphy- lococci, aerobic mesophilic bacteria (for milk samples), E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, sulfite-re- ducing clostridia (for cheese samples), yeasts and moulds. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the samples. Microbiological analy- sis of milk revealed varying levels of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, moulds, and L. monocytogenes. Coagu- lase-positive staphylococci were detected in only two of 15 raw milk samples. In 15 Livno cheese samples, all tested microorganisms were below detectable levels except for E. coli (found in two samples) and Enterobacteriaceae (found in three samples). Statistical tests indi- cated significant differences in microbial pres- ence and quantity between milk and cheese, except for coagulase-positive staphylococci. Given the importance of cheese microbiology for food safety and consumer health, this re- search provides valuable insights into the pro- duction and quality control of this traditional Bosnian cheese.

Many domains now leverage the benefits of Machine Learning (ML), which promises solutions that can autonomously learn to solve complex tasks by training over some data. Unfortunately, in cyberthreat detection, high-quality data is hard to come by. Moreover, for some specific applications of ML, such data must be labeled by human operators. Many works "assume" that labeling is tough/challenging/costly in cyberthreat detection, thereby proposing solutions to address such a hurdle. Yet, we found no work that specifically addresses the process of labeling from the viewpoint of ML security practitioners. This is a problem: to this date, it is still mostly unknown how labeling is done in practice---thereby preventing one from pinpointing "what is needed" in the real world. In this paper, we take the first step to build a bridge between academic research and security practice in the context of data labeling. First, we reach out to five subject matter experts and carry out open interviews to identify pain points in their labeling routines. Then, by using our findings as a scaffold, we conduct a user study with 13 practitioners from large security companies and ask detailed questions on subjects such as active learning, costs of labeling, and revision of labels. Finally, we perform proof-of-concept experiments addressing labeling-related aspects in cyberthreat detection that are sometimes overlooked in research. Altogether, our contributions and recommendations serve as a stepping stone to future endeavors aimed at improving the quality and robustness of ML-driven security systems. We release our resources.

Introduction: Teachers in Bosnia and Herzegovina had insufficient skills in educational technology but had to lead the introduction of online teaching and adapt all aspects of the educational process to the online environment, which placed a great burden on them. The main objective of this research was to identify the challenges faced by teachers during the lockdown period. The sudden shift to online teaching, lack of preparation, and social isolation resulted in significant changes in job demands, perceived control, and social support in the workplace. Methods: A correlational study was conducted with a sample of 345 employees in the education sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Descriptive analysis, multiple regression analysis, and t-tests were performed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The results indicate that teachers who did not have adequate workspace at home experienced greater workload but remained highly motivated. High job demands and low social support at work are associated with increased stress and decreased psychophysical functioning, while higher social support is associated with higher life satisfaction. In addition, higher job demands and stronger social support were related to greater intrinsic and extrinsic motivation at work. Conclusion: Results show that teachers lacking proper home workspaces reported their work as notably more demanding and stress-inducing, with a reported decline in their overall psychophysical well-being. Moreover, they expressed a reduced sense of control over their work, diminished social support, and lower levels of life satisfaction. These findings provide a valuable foundation for developing recommendations to address crisis situations in education, particularly when teachers transition from physical classrooms to virtual spaces, which is also important for online teaching and learning in typical times.

As part of the research, the population of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle in different types of forests in five protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina was analyzed. The study focused on the protected areas of Sarajevo Canton, specifically the secondary forests of fir and spruce, as well as the mixed forests of beech and fir (containing spruce). Pheromone traps were used as the research sample, and they were placed within PA Bijambara, PA Trebević, and PA Skakavac. The objective was to investigate the influence of forest type and climatological factors on the number of captured Ips typographus bark beetles from 2018 to 2021. The average number of captured I. typographus bark beetles during that period ranged from 491.39 to 901.68 individuals in secondary fir and spruce forests, and from 201.88 to 701.54 individuals in beech and fir forests (including spruce).

This paper emphasizes the significance of waqfs in the development of Mostar. Thanks to that institution, Mostar has become one of the largest cultural and economic centers in Eyalet of Bosnia. Special attention was given to the waqf of Babussaade Agha, Ahmed Agha. His waqfiye, which is an integral part of this work, contains information about new buildings, money and other things endowed by the aforementioned Ahmed Agha. It also includes changes to some of his previous waqfiya’s stipulations. His endowments in Istanbul and Mostar are mentioned in the waqfiye. Because little is known about his waqf in Mostar, this work aims to draw attention to the waqfiya’s text. The content of Ahmed Aga’s waqfiye demonstrates the importance of his waqf for cultural life in Mostar and his role in enlightening local imams and students.

In recent years, imaging has become increasingly important to confirm diagnosis, monitor disease activity, and predict disease course and outcome in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Over the past few decades, great efforts have been made to improve the quality of diagnostic imaging and to reach a consensus on which methods and scoring systems to use. However, there are still some critical issues, and the diagnosis, course, and management of JIA are closely related to clinical assessment. This review discusses the main indications for conventional radiography (XR), musculoskeletal ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while trying to maintain a clinical perspective. The diagnostic-therapeutic timing at which one or the other method should be used, depending on the disease/patient phenotype, will be assessed, considering the main advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality according to the currently available literature. Some brief clinical case scenarios on the most frequently and severely involved joints in JIA are also presented.