An increased understanding of the phenomenon of polymorphism should enable pharmaceutical scientists to gain control over the crystallization process in order to selectively obtain the desired polymorph or suppress the growth of an undesired one. Phase changes during processing and scale-up are a problem, which may be avoided by carefully designed initial small-scale studies. The availability of detailed structural data, combined with strategic design of substrates and additives, has led to significant advances in the control over the polymorphs obtained in a particular crystallization. With all the information available from these initial studies, it should be possible to design and to select processing conditions which would give a desired polymorph and maintain the desired form throughout the various stages of drug processing and manufacture.

The skin is an excellent barrier to the transport of charged compounds and large molecules. Many substances of present and potential therapeutic utility carry charge at physiological pH, have high molecular weights and/or are hydrophilic and, consequently, do not transport well across the skin. Pathways for the transport of small ions do appear to exist through the skin and flow along these pathways can be substantially enhanced by iontophoresis.

Drugs, natural medicinal plant, animals and mineral materials, have a large and various application in official pharmacy and medicine. Carriers of multilateral pharmacological effects that those drugs shown, are chemically define as active components that are present in them. Methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis are used for the chemical investigation of components that drugs contain. Method of thin layer chromatography has been shown as very reliable. According to the chemical investigation of single drugs, it is possible to define a group of compound or single compound comparing them with standards. Relating to the usage of method of thin layer chromatography, it has been carried out investigation on presence of coumarins and flavonoids in domestic plant material that have wide everyday usage. Coumarins and flavonoids from the point of view of chemical belonging are phenol derivatives with important pharmacological effects. Applying method of thin layer chromatography, it is detected presence of coumarins and flavonoids substances in plant material that has been tested. Anethi graveolens fructus et folium (fruit and leaf of dill), Anethum graveolens L., Apiaceae, Avenae sativae fructus (fruit of oats), Avena sativa L., Poaceae and Asperulae odoratae herba (sweet woodruff), Asperula odorata L., Rubiaceae. Chromatograms are developed in systems cyclohexane-ethylacetat (13:7) and toluene-ether (1:1) saturated with 10% acetic acid, and visualisation by observing on UV lamp (254 and 366 nm), spraying with reagents KOH (10% ethanol solution) and diphenylboryloxyethylamine (1% methanol solution).

Recently, a framework for controller design of sampled-data nonlinear systems via their approximate discrete-time models has been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we develop novel tools that can be used within this framework and that are useful for tracking problems. In particular, results for stability analysis of parameterized time-varying discrete-time cascaded systems are given. This class of models arises naturally when one uses an approximate discrete-time model to design a stabilizing or tracking controller for a sampled-data plant. While some of our results parallel their continuous-time counterparts, the stability properties that are considered, the conditions that are imposed, and the the proof techniques that are used, are tailored for approximate discrete-time systems and are technically different from those in the continuous-time context. A result on constructing strict Lyapunov functions from nonstrict ones that is of independent interest, is also presented. We illustrate the utility of our results in the case study of the tracking control of a mobile robot. This application is fairly illustrative of the technical differences and obstacles encountered in the analysis of discrete-time parameterized systems.

In this paper, we described osseous anatomy of the orbital apex using CT in axial and coronal projections. The main osseous landmarks facilitate the evaluation of orbital apex in radiology, especially on the axial and coronal CT scans. These landmarks include so called optic strut, small segment of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and upper part of the pterygopalatine fossa. We also concentrate attention upon visualisation and review of the optic canal, superior and inferior orbital fissure, pterygopalatine fossa and foramen rotundum.