Instantaneous frequency (IF) is a fundamental concept that can be found in many disciplines such as communications, speech, and music processing. In this letter, analysis of an IF estimator, based on a time-frequency technique known as S-transform, is performed. The performance analysis is carried out in a white Gaussian noise environment, and expressions for the bias and the variance of the estimator are determined. The results show that the bias and the variance are signal dependent. This has been statistically confirmed through numerical simulations of several signal classes.

In this study we analyzed patients glucose levels taken before and after coronary artery bypass surgery. The data are taken from University of Sarajevo Clinics Centre- medical documentation of Heart Center from January 1st, 2007 to October 31st, 2007. Therefore, the entire study is done retrospectively. The patients considered in this analysis were divided into three groups. The patients in the first group were treated with peroral antidiabetics. The second group included patients treated with insulin while the third group consisted of patients without diabetes and acted as control group. All the patients had increased BMI. In the first two groups glucose levels were elevated before the surgery. Data analysis showed that three patients from the first group changed from peroral antidiabetics to insulin during postoperative period, and they were dismissed from hospital with this therapy. In the control group, peroral antidiabetis were introduced in four patients. The study results show that all the three groups have had high glycaemia on the first postoperative day. This may be caused by a number of reasons: inadequate pre-operative antidiabetic therapy, the impact of stress during surgery, inadequate pre-operative treatment of glycaemia or avoidance of the proscribed therapy by patients themselves. Stress during operation and administration of several medications after operation may also cause increased insulin resistance and distort glycaemia control.

In this paper we present the study of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment success in children suffering from Hodgkin's disease (HD) that were treated at Hematology-oncology Department of Pediatric Clinic in Sarajevo. In retrospective study we followed all patients with HD aged 0-15 who were diagnosed with and treated for HD at Pediatric Clinic in Sarajevo over the last 10 years (1st of January 1997 - 31st of December 2006). Until 2000 we used combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy according to UKCCSG HD 9201 treatment protocol, and after the year 2000 protocol UKCCSG HD 2000 (ChlVPP / ABVD) was applied. The total number of the treated children 33. There were 17 boys (51,51 %) and 16 girls (48,49 %). In 10 patients (30,3 %) we found II A stage of HD, in 4 (12,1 %) II B stage of HD, in 6 children (18,8 %) stage III A, in 4 children (12,1 %) stage III B, in 4 children (12,1 %) stage IV A and in 5 (15,1 %) stage IV B. In 7 patients (21,2 %) relapse occurred, which demanded more aggressive chemotherapeutic treatment and radiotherapy too; while for 4 patients (12,1 %) in combination with bone marrow transplantation. Three patients (9,0 %) died. There are 30 children (91,0 %) who are alive and in either 1st or 2nd remission phase of HD. Secondary malignancies did not occur in any of the patients. Although many patients (58,1%) were diagnosed in an advanced stage of illness (III and IV) the results of HD therapy at Pediatric Clinic in Sarajevo are comparable to those in other European centers.

The current animal health situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires the prioritization of diseases for the application of control measures. One of the diseases requiring high priority is brucellosis of ruminants. Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease and one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Brucellosis has been recognized during the past five decades as an important infectious disease in ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Control and eradication of brucellosis in animals is based on test and slaughter control policy. When the existing brucellosis control program was instituted, the veterinary and animal production sector was almost exclusively owned by the government, an arrangement that promoted compliance with the program and resulted in the successful control of the disease. This paper provides an overview of the current institutional and legislative framework for brucellosis control including the laboratory detection system and the epidemiological status of brucellosis in ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Relevant data were collected during the period spanning from the beginning of 2001 until the middle of 2007. Data we collected reveal an increase in the number of reported outbreaks in ruminants as well as a related increase in the number of human cases. This has brought serious consequences to public health, animal health and production and international trade.

Standard cytogenetic assays used in genotoxicology usually include chromosome aberrations analysis and micronucleus cytokinesis-block assay. Both tests originate on standard protocol for lymphocyte culture and can be used as complement or substitute to each other. Aim of this study was to evaluate complementarities between results of chromosome aberration analysis assay and results of micronucleus cytokinesis-block assay in representative sample of inhabitants from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim was achieved by calculating Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression.

The aim of this study was to clarify the role of simultaneous combined diagnostic approach using laparoscopy and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of female infertility. In a retrospective study, 360 infertile women underwent complete fertility evaluation. All the patients were examined by simultaneous combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy as a part of the routine infertility evaluation. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy were successful in 360 patients. Bilateral tubes were blocked in 18 (5%) and unilateral tubal occlusion were in 30 (8,33%) of patients. Pelvic adhesions were revealed in 40 (11,11%), and myomas in 42 (11,65%) out of that 31 (8,6%) were revealed by laparoscopy and 11 (3,05%) by hysteroscopy. Endometrial polyps were revealed in 26 (7,22%) and Syndrome Asherman in 3(0,83%) of patients. Uterine anomaly was found in 19 (5,27%) of cases and out of that septate uterus in 7 (37,15%), bicornuate uterus in 5 (26,31%), arcuate uterus in 4 (21,26%) and uterus unicornu cum cornu rudimentario in 3 (15,27%) of uterine anomalies. Endometriosis was found in 51 (14,16%), dermoid cysts in 8 (2,22%) and in 16 (4,44%) functional cysts of patients. Also, Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome was revealed in 23 (6,11%) of our patients. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy play very important role as diagnostic tools in the infertility women. Combined diagnostic simultaneous laparoscopy and hysteroscopy should be performed in all infertile patients before the treatment.

Stability testing of an active substance or finished product provides information of the variation of drug substance or final product with time influenced by a variety of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and light. Knowledge gained from stability studies enables understanding of the effects of the environment on the drugs. The aim of our study was to determine the stability of cefuroxime axetil oral suspension at different temperature storage conditions (stored at room /20 degrees C/ and refrigerated /5 degrees C/ conditions). Determination of cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil) was performed by dissolution testing. Fractions of the released cefuroxime axetil were compared using f2 value. After interpolating data for dissolution profiles at room and refrigerated conditions the following f2values were obtained: 62,56; 56,32 and 36,18 on 3rd, 6th and 10th day, respectively. These values indicate similarities in drug release from analyzed cefuroxime axetil oral suspension on 3rd, 6th day, and differences on 10th day. Based on our results, we may assume that cefuroxime axetil oral suspension preserves its stability for 10 days after reconstitution under room and refrigerated conditions. It is obvious, according to the f2 value obtained on the 10th day, that there is a difference between the released cefuroxime axetil from oral suspension at room (87,68%) and refrigerated (92,35%) conditions. Concentration changes can be caused by the mechanisms associated with drug release and hydrolytical decomposition of the sample and higher temperatures during longer period of storage.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the biotransformation of simple phenols after ingestion of edible fruits and mixed food. It was analyzed hippuric acid in urine as biomarker of conjugation in the liver cells of glycine with aromatic phenolic acids such benzoic and salicylic acid from ingested food. Measurement of hippuric acid in urine samples of 10 healthy individuals: 5 female and 5 male with a mean age 51,5 years were recruited to participate in this study. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours. The additional meals 300 g of fruits: blueberry, cherry, raspberry, melon, blackberry and mixed food were given immediately before the 24 hr urine sampling. Otherwise, the meals given during 24 hr was a usually food. Biotransformation of phenols in edible fruits, that are together with liver glycins precursors of hippuric acid biosynthesis, was evaluated by direct spectrophotometric measurement of excreted hippuric acid in urine at 410 nm. It was established that the highest quantity of hippuric acid was after ingestion of 300 g of bilberry fruits (p< 0,003), and same quantity of cherries (p< 0,003). Concentration of excreted hippuric acid was twice higher after ingestion of these fruits in comparison with hippuric acid concentrations in urine after ingestion of common - mixed food. Quantity of biosynthesised hippuric acid was in direct correlation with the concentrations of its precursors, primarily phenol acids and other simple aromatic acids ingested with food.

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate and compare the relative increase of serum myoglobin level and total creatine kinase (CK) activity in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients (n=36). We measured serial changes in total CK activity and myoglobin serum level in three-time periods (6-9 hours, 24 hours and 6-7 days) from chest pains onset. Myoglobin peaked during the first 6-9 hours but total CK reached its peak activity after 24 hours from AMI symptoms onset. Results of this study showed that as non-specific cardiac marker myoglobin had better sensitivity and earlier rise in serum than total CK activity in AMI patients. Rapid kinetic of myoglobin level is important for its utility as marker for re-infarction diagnosis. Early myoglobin increase in serum is important for early triage of AMI patients and early "ruling out" of AMI diagnosis if there is no evidence of its elevation in circulation.

Over the past 13 years mitochondrial defects have been involved in wide variety of degenerative diseases - Parkinson disease, Alzheimer dementia, arteriosclerosis, ageing and cancer. Mitochondria are believed to control apoptosis or programmed cell death. Disturbance in mitochondrial metabolism has also been implicated in many common diseases such as congestive hart failure, diabetes and migraine. Scientific investigations have showed complexities in mitochondrial genetics, but at the same time, pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases is still enigma. Mitochondria and their DNAs are opening the era of "mitochondrial medicine". What we today call "a mitochondrial medicine" is only a part of the whole panorama of diseases based on disordered mitochondrial function.

Uremic lung is different entity then oedema present in cardiovascular diseases or in adult respiratory distress syndrome as well. This state is one of the possible complications in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) receiving regular hemodialysis (HD). There are several studies suggesting that in these patients in 30-40% cases pulmonary hypertension was developed. It is known that patients with primary pulmonary hypertension have peripheral airway obstruction The data also showed that primary as well secondary pulmonary hypertension are more often developed in females; even real reason is still unknown. The aim of the study was to estimate the ventilator function improvement in patients with CRF receiving regular HD related to sex differences. The study population consisted in 39 patients with CRF, with no cardiac and pulmonary diseases. These patients were treated by regular hemodialysis using bicarbonate or acetate mode, respectively. They were divided into two groups according to the sex. Spirometry parameters before and after onset of hemodialysis were recorded. The results were analyzed using Student t-test and presented as mean +/-SD. All p values <0,05 were considered significant. The result showed that ventilatory function in male patients is significantly improved, especially VC and FEV1, whereas in female patients improvement had not statistical significance. It can be concluded that one of the possible reasons for slight improvement of ventilator function in female patients is pulmonary hypertension.

Diagnosis and management of patients with SLE (Systemic Lupus Eritematosus), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), involves specific diagnostic tests, such as IFA-AMA, IFA anti-dsDNA and immunoblotting for the detection of autoantibodies for specific autoantigens (mitochondria, dsDNA, M2, LKM-1, LC-1, SLA/LP). We established specific correlation between the detected autoantibodies and corresponding clinical findings. The total of 813 serum specimens were probed with IFA-anti-dsDNA, 98 of which tested positive. We also performed dilution analysis to the end point for all the positive specimens. Numerous specimens were tested by IFA, AMA and immunoblotting.