The concept of usufruct as an independent right, ius in re aliena, was not questioned in Justinian’s sources, while on the other hand, its systematisation, development, and legal nature in analyses of classical law were the subject of serious debates among Romance experts, mainly in Italian Romance studies from the beginning of the 20th century. Some experts in Romance studies understood usufruct as pars dominii, i.e. part of the property right that the owner retains for himself, thereby denying him the position of a special right. Such a concept originates from the glossator and post-glossator schools and, the paper analyses strong reflections of their teaching on contemporary legal doctrine. The paper deals with the concept and definition of usufruct and conducts analysis into the legal sources and reasons that led to differences in the understanding of the legal nature of the institute in the Roman legal tradition.

Skin sensitization is a crucial endpoint in the safety assessment of chemicals, with the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) emerging as a valuable in chemico method for evaluating a substance's sensitization potential. This review delves into the principles, applicability, and limitations of the DPRA within the context of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework for skin sensitization. We examine the DPRA'srole in addressing the molecular initiating event of skin sensitization, its integration into Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA), and its performance in predicting sensitizers. The review also highlights the challenges in testing certain categories of chemicals and the importance of considering the DPRA's results alongside other complementary methods. By providing a comprehensive overview of the DPRA, this review aims to inform researchers, regulators, and clinicians about its utility and limitations in the context of skin sensitization testing.

This paper proposes an ac fault ride-through (FRT) method for high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission systems that serve as an interconnector between the onshore ac grid and an islanded offshore ac grid. In conventional HVDC systems for offshore wind farms FRT is realized by consuming excess power with braking resistors. However, the same method cannot be applied if the offshore ac grid includes not only wind farms but also various loads, which are being considered for integration into multipurpose interconnectors or energy islands. In this article, a novel FRT method based on voltage control for HVDC interconnectors operating with bidirectional power flow is proposed. The proposed method curtails the ac voltage formed by the offshore converter according to the converter’s dc current and voltage. The effectiveness of the proposed FRT method is established through experiments on a mini model.

: Within this research, the focus was on analyzing the effectiveness of Computer Vision (CV) in detecting vehicles and pedestrians in traffic. The YOLOv5 model was utilized for object detection, along with publicly available, unmodified libraries like OpenCV and TensorFlow. The approach involved a careful selection of three different traffic scenarios: a rainy day, daytime, and night-time, with the intention of creating realistic conditions for testing the performance of vehicle and pedestrian detection systems. An algorithm for detecting pedestrians and vehicles was implemented, contributing further to road safety. Through experiments, exploration was conducted into how various factors, such as weather conditions and lighting, influence the accuracy of the system. Following a meticulous analysis of the results, situations in which the system exhibits high detection accuracy, as well as those that pose a challenge to the system were identified, in order to provide a profound understanding of different aspects of pedestrian tracking and vehicle detection. Through the application of image analysis techniques, the focus was on identification of key features of pedestrian crossings, contributing to the recognition of potentially dangerous situations. The objective was to draw accurate conclusions regarding the system's performance under actual traffic conditions, thus enhancing the overall comprehension of how these technologies effectively contribute to improving road safety.

In post-conflict societies internal demarcation is based on tradition, religion, and heterosexual family values and within this frame sexual citizenship is considered ?as ideology? and as a threat to society imposed from outside. At the same time the influence and importance of international norms and changes in the standard of international politics and the emerging culture of human rights cause conflict between inside and outside, national sovereignty and universal human rights. This conflict is not specific only to stabilocracy and hybrid systems, but the omnipresent illogicality of a closed system of citizen-ship. Following the Butler?s observation that ?conjuncture of street and media constitutes a very contemporary version of the public sphere? (2011: 9), media textual and visual reports about Pride Parade in Belgrade and Sarajevo were analysed. In the analysis focus is on the borders of citizenship within the patriarchal matrix of nation-state confronted with the present bodies on the streets. The analysed textual and visual media reports confirm a hierarchisation of urban public space formed by national history and its material structures.

Birdsfoot trefoil is a perennial legume for the production of high-quality forage. Improving the production and quality of forage is one of the strategic objectives of breeding programs. The genotypes for this trial were selected from promising offspring collected from local populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A trial with eight genotypes (7 promising lines and 1 variety) was designed in a randomized block system with four replicates. In the first growth, 11 components of yield and quality of biomass were analyzed, and in the second growth, four additional parameters for seed production. In the first growth, highly significant correlations were found between plant height and the proportion of leaves (0.85**) and the yield of green matter and dry matter (0.81**), while a high negative correlation was found between the nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and the crude protein content (-0.79**). In the regrowth, statistically highly significant (p<0.01) positive correlations were found between the content of NFE and ash (0.77**). Statistically significant (p<0.05) positive relationships were found between green matter yield and dry matter yield (0.81**), green matter yield and stem diameter (0.79*), seed yield and number of pods (0.83*), and cellulose content and plant height (0.73*). The identification of positive correlations for certain productive and nutritional traits will be used in breeding programs for the creation of new varieties with improved forage quality.

Background: The Lung adenocarcinoma, a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer, exhibits diverse histopathological patterns, impacting prognosis and therapeutic outcomes. Objective: This study explores the correlation between smoking habits and the prevalence of different histopathological subtypes in invasive lung adenocarcinoma (IAC). Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study included 140 patients with surgically treated, histopathological verified lung adenocarcinoma. The patients were classified based on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) histopathological patterns, and smoking status data were collected from medical records. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: The predominant histopathological subtypes were acinar (47.9%) and solid (30.7%) IAC. Smokers constituted 84.3% of the patients, with a majority (61.7%) consuming more than 20 cigarettes per day. A weak, statistically significant correlation was found between histopathological patterns and smoking habits among smokers (rho=0.054; p=0.04). Acinar IAC was more common in those consuming up to 20 cigarettes daily, while the solid pattern predominated in those smoking more than 20 cigarettes (rho=0.189; p=0.04). No significant correlation was observed with the duration of smoking history. Conclusion: The study reveals a predictive relationship between smoking habits, including the number of cigarettes consumed, and the histopathological pattern of IAC in resected specimens. Acinar and solid subtypes were more prevalent, with distinct associations to smoking behaviors. Understanding these relationships can contribute to personalized treatment approaches and further research on lung adenocarcinoma.

In this paper, we analyze the role and activities of the Supreme Defense Council (SDC) of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) according to the Constitution of FRY from 1992. The decision to establish the FRY, encompassing Serbia and Montenegro, as well as the provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, represented a continuation of the political and territorial restructuring of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ), as well as a basis for further military and political actions aimed at realizing expansionist project. Through the establishment of the SDC and its role in managing the military, especially during the period of aggression, it is evident how political decisions directly influenced military operations, as well as the international position and sanctions that followed in response to the aggressive policy of the FRY. SDC sessions were important for making decisions on military issues, including the appointment, promotion, and dismissal of officers, as well as decisions on military activities. Analysis of SDC session transcripts reveals details about FRY's military involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the formation of the so-called Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). SDC members, the President of FRY, and the Presidents of Serbia and Montenegro, along with other attendees including the Minister of Defense and the Chief of the General Staff of the Yugoslav Army (VJ), actively participated in military matters and decision-making. This paper also explores the role of FRY in the wars in the former Yugoslavia during the early 1990s, with a particular focus on its relationship with the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska (RS) and participation in the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through the lens of logistical, military, and comprehensive support provided by FRY, including attempts to conceal the involvement of military personnel through the 30th Personnel Center, we shed light on its direct involvement in military operations that had a decisive impact on the course of the war. Despite efforts to conceal the role of FRY and its structures in the aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, documents and SDC transcripts reveal enough evidence confirming FRY's crucial role in the preparation, support, and execution of aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina through RS. The SDC organized and supported activities aimed at supporting the VRS and other military formations, often with a conspiratorial approach. Discussions at SDC sessions covered funding for the VRS, logistics, organization of soldier training, and defense strategy. Military operations, as well as political and military relations within Bosnia and Herzegovina, were particularly analyzed. „Controversial topics“ such as arming the population in Serbia and crimes committed against Bosniaks in Sandžak and Bosnia and Herzegovina were also discussed at the sessions. Relations with the political leaderships of RS and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK), as well as reactions to losses and defeats, were also important topics at SDC sessions. The sessions also included analysis of political and military events and presentations of the views of FRY President Slobodan Milošević on peace negotiations, military operations, and territorial goals achieved. SDC transcripts provide insight into Slobodan Milošević's acknowledgment of the involvement of the State Security Service (SDB) in the formation, arming, and support of „paramilitary units“ sent to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition to the direct involvement of VJ in the aggression, plans for joint military operations were extensively documented, aiming to create a „united state of the Serbian people“. Key figures, such as Ratko Mladić, who were in VRS, remained members of VJ even after the aggression. The SDC continued to exist until 2001 but lost its significance compared to the period from its establishment to the end of 1995.

The optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is a primary test and measurement instrument for detecting, localizing, and qualifying various fiber optic link events induced by breaks, splices, and connectors. However, in spite of a number of innovative enhancements of the OTDR capabilities proposed throughout decades of its use in the communications test application area, few reports can be found about extending the OTDR capabilities beyond detecting and qualifying refractive and reflective events of the fiber under test, to also include prediction of performance and impairments specifically related to the coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) symbol transmission over fiber link. As large enough OTDR dynamic range (DR) provides alike optical signal-to-noise-ratio (OSNR) even at the far end of the fiber, then the dominantly reflective OTDR trace pattern can be considered as the two-way power-delay profile (PDP) of the fiber. Furthermore, in this work, we also justifiably assume that the cyclic prefix (CP) is applied to guard the OFDM symbol against inter-symbol interference, as well as that the (formerly eventually large) peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is significantly reduced, e.g., by simple peak clipping at the transmitter. This finally retains the OFDM carrier frequency offset (CFO) as the major OFDM-inherent signal impairment to dominantly determine the bit error rate (BER) floor in this case. Accordingly, in our model, we abstracted the CFO by the additional delays added to the original OTDR trace pulses, which would produce an equal BER increase as the CFO does with the original trace. Inversely, this enables indirect estimation of CFO by simple BER testing, rather than by using dedicated and complex test instrumentation such as vector signal analyzer (VSA), not always at hand in field conditions.

Since the 1960s, the rapid advancement of information technology (IT) infrastructure has been covered by the innovation of new electronic devices. This progress has not only accelerated industrial growth but also enhanced the quality of human life. Modern electronic devices are highly advanced and contain numerous components. Traditionally, Sn-Pb solder alloys have been the preferred choice due to their many advantages, such as ease of use, low melting point, favorable working conditions, good ductility, and excellent wetting properties on copper and its alloys. However, due to the toxic effects of lead on both health and the environment, limit the use of lead. As a result, the development of lead-free solder alternatives has been a focus for the past thirty years. To investigate new solder materials extensively, it's crucial to understand phase diagrams, phase equilibria, and melting points. Thermodynamic calculations and modeling are key in producing a consistent dataset and predicting thermodynamic properties. Muggianu Model and Model Toop were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of Al-Ga-Sn liquid alloys. The predicted values were compared with the calculated results of the General Solution Model, and published experimental data confirm that the models are both accurate and practical.

Social communities are prone to evolutionary changes that are initiated sometimes by the dominant minority, and sometimes under the influence of the quantitative energy of the oppressed minority. Partnerships have been prone to change for centuries. From the traditional patriarchal family, through the recognition of the rights of extramarital unions, and the acceptance of same-sex civil unions, in order to promote samesex marriage in the last decade. The paper deals with the review of the development and implementation of the idea of recognizing the right to marriage for same-sex couples, the global attitude towards the same with special reference to the Republic of Serbia. Namely, the Republic of Serbia does not recognize same-sex marriages, nor does it recognize them by law, no matter where they were concluded, and in this sense, the paper explains the possibilities of inheritance between same-sex partners, regardless of the fact that legal inheritance is impossible.