Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines are increasingly popular in the production of furniture and wood products, because they combine high processing quality with short production time. The effective use of CNC machines depends on the processing parameters, which also affects the quality of the processed surface. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feed rate, cutting direction, and grain direction on the surface roughness of various types of wood. Three European wood species (oak, beech, fir) were cut with a spindle speed of 16,000 rpm and two different feed rates (5,000 and 10,000 mm/min) using end mill tools on the CNC machine. The milling was performed in two cutting directions (radial and tangential) and two grain orientations (0° and 90°). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the impact of the cutting parameters. The surface roughness measurements were taken, and two surface roughness parameters (Ra and Rz) were measured to determine the surface quality of the wood. According to the results of this study, the lowest surface roughness values, milling with the same processing parameters, occurred for oak wood, while the highest values occurred for fir.

Hand grip strength (HGS) serves as a multifaceted and critical parameter within the domain of motor function and is widely recognized as a pivotal aspect in the comprehensive evaluation of the development of school-aged children. The aim of the research was to determine the values of HGS, the trend of changes and differences between boys and girls aged 11-14 years from Bosnia and Herzegovina. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on a sample of 585 students. The subsample was divided into 307 boys (11y = 81; 12y = 87; 13y = 77; 14y = 62) and 278 girls (11y = 66; 12y = 83; 13 y =79; 14y = 50). Hand muscle strength was measured using the method of isometric dynamometry in laboratory conditions, with a standardized test - Hand grip (according to the American Society of Hand Therapists). The force achieved during the maximum hand grip (dynamometry) was measured with a digital hand dynamometer CAMRY-EH101, USA. Statistically significant differences between male and female respondents were confirmed (for age 12, T = -2.651, p<0.009; for age 13, T =-5.178; p<0.000; for age 14, T =-7.124; p<0.000). In both sexes, the dominance of the strength of the right (dominant) hand than left (non-dominant) hand is evident. The study confirmed a positive trend of strength development in both sexes, as well as gender differences in the HGS test between children aged 12 to 14 years.

The knowledge that is based on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics is the basis for the development of any country. Less developed countries lack experts in these areas. Therefore, the ENABLE-BIH project (Enhancing and Advancing Basic Learning and Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina) was introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which aims to improve the situation in the education sector. This study included the Public Institution “Ninth Elementary School” in Brcko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina in which this project was implemented. The study included a total of 125 students from this school. The aim of this study is to examine the difference between attitudes about STEM from the point of view of gender differences and the age of students. After the data were collected, the statements were grouped into appropriate factors using factor analysis. The factor analysis showed that five factors stand out in this research. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that there is no difference between students ‘attitudes regarding gender differences, while there is a difference regarding students’ age. The results of this research showed that the ENABLE-BIH project delivered good results and suggests the importance of implementing similar projects in the future.

Current research on entrepreneurial orientation is mostly from a firm-level perspective, focuses on developed countries, and recent studies treat entrepreneurial orientation as a uni-dimensional construct. Studies on entrepreneurial orientation from a generational perspective mostly use a comparison between two groups (young and old) and neglect the well-accepted classification of generational cohorts. This study therefore examines the individual dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (risk-taking, innovativeness and proactivity) among the Baby Boomers, Generations X, Y, and Z in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey that yielded a sample of 1,082 adults from Bosnia and Herzegovina. One-way analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe, Welch’s F, and least significant post-hoc tests were used to test the hypotheses. The results show some evidence that individual entrepreneurial orientation varies significantly between generations, at different levels of significance. Risk-taking generally decreases with older generations, as does innovativeness, except when comparing Generations X and Y, while proactiveness increases with older generations. The study provides valuable information for future entrepreneurs, business incubators and potential investors.

The blood–DRG barrier is composed of endothelial cells with high permeability and is monitored by a subset of CD163+ perivascular macrophages, a process that is arteriovenously zonated. Vascular monitoring is abrogated by interfering with caveolar transcytosis in endothelial cells or by depleting CD163+ macrophages.

Artikulacija ženskih interesa u Bosni i Hercegovini započela je osnivanjem ženskih društava u vrijeme austrougarske uprave i nastavljena je u okviru prve Jugoslavije. Ključan aspekt feminizma u Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji očituje se u feminističkome marksizmu i teorijskome radu, ponajviše Blaženke Despot i Žarane Papić. One su dale velik prinos feminističkoj naraciji u okviru socijalističkoga samoupravljanja. Pod utjecajem aktualnih feminističkih gibanja i u BiH u to doba prepoznaje se aktivnije djelovanja žena. Unatoč krutim patrijarhalnim normama i društvu koje se teško nosilo s nazočnošću žena u javnome prostoru pojavljuju se žene na pozicijama ravnateljica škola i urednica novinâ. Tako su žene u BiH formalnopravnu izjednačenost uspjele ostvariti u okviru socijalističke Jugoslavije. Pedesetak godina poslije u samostalnoj i neovisnoj BiH usvojeno je više zakona i institucionalnih mehanizama kojima se nije postigla očekivana ravnopravnost žena u praksi. Naime raskorak između primjene i učinka pozitivnih zakonskih propisa upućuje na ključan utjecaj patrijarhalnoga naslijeđa koje uvjetuje subordinaciju žena. Time se potvrđuje činjenica da je društveno-politički položaj žene neodvojiv od privatne sfere. Mjesto i uloga žene u BiH velikim su dijelom određeni religijskim ili etičkim običajima i normama. Takve se norme teško mijenjanju i otežavaju ženama da utječu na promjene kojima bi ostvarile stvarnu ravnopravnost. Nakon više od desetljeća postojanja novoga ženskog pokreta (iako neki smatraju da u BiH ne postoji ženski pokret) i unatoč njegovoj slabosti i podijeljenosti primjetni su ipak i određeni pozitivni pomaci. Ključne riječi: feminizam; patrijarhat; socijalizam; retradicionalizacija; žene; Bosna i Hercegovina

The increasing focus on a healthy lifestyle has emphasized a connection between gut microbiome and health. Consumers face the choice between consuming traditional dairy kefirs or more trendy fruit-based fermented drinks. Also, the aim of this study is to determine the similarities and differences theoretically and experimentally based on a higher ratio of grains to make a lower pH-based beverage at different inoculation times and durations. This study also aims to assess acceptability from a sensory perspective. The goal of the research was to make kefir grain-based beverages with a higher number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) owing to their probiotic impact on the human gut. After analysis, it was found that there was the highest content of LAB in water kefir after 48 h of inoculation. However, consumer acceptance tests found traditional dairy kefir with a 24-h inoculation to be more acceptable. Although both drinks were inoculated in a 1:4 ratio, it is important to note the variations in grain origin as well as the initial composition of the milk–water suspension, which significantly affects the final product. Since the recipe of the kefir determines the benefits of the drink, the onus is on the consumers to decide which fermented drink suits their health condition best.

Cross-kingdom RNA interference (ckRNAi), the bidirectional communication between microbes and their host counterparts, is a key element in the outcome of host colonization. Whether mutualistic fungi of the Serendipitaceae family with their broad host range use small RNA effectors (sRNAs) to colonize plant roots is still under debate. To investigate if ckRNAi is a factor in the symbiosis of Serendipita indica (Si) with Arabidopsis thaliana (Ath), we established a pipeline to validate expression, translocation and post-transcriptional gene silencing of host genes by Si-derived sRNAs (SisRNAs). First, we confirmed the expression of SisRNAs both in axenic fungal culture and during Ath root colonization using stem-loop PCR. Then, to verify the translocation of putative SisRNA effectors, an ARGONAUTE 1 immuno-purification assay (AtAGO1-IP) was employed, detecting fungal SisRNAs being loaded into the plant RNAi machinery in Si-colonised roots. Subsequently, SisRNAs and artificial sRNAs (amiRNAs), were transiently expressed in Ath protoplasts to test their gene silencing activity. Stem-loop PCR confirmed expression of sRNA effectors and qPCR validated post-transcriptional gene silencing of their predicted target genes involved in cell wall organization, hormonal signalling regulation, plant immunity and gene expression. Moreover, 5’-RLM-RACE analysis revealed amiRNA-mediated canonical cleavage in Arabidopsis targets. In conclusion, this study provides a blueprint for rapid selection and analysis of sRNA effectors in plant-microbe interactions in general and suggests cross-kingdom communication in the Sebacinoid symbiosis.

Spontaneous chromosomal aberrations are structural or numerical changes of chromosomes that occur naturally, without exposure to external genotoxic factors. They are not inherited, occur randomly in the karyotype, and do not have direct clinical significance. However, they can affect genomic instability and disease predisposition. They can result from DNA replication or repair processes errors, and typically are observed in cells that are actively dividing. Spontaneous chromosomal aberrations may arise due to the natural chromosomal instability and can be elevated in individuals exposed to mutagens. We analyzed frequencies of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations in 137 individuals subjected to karyotype analysis at the Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology, University of Sarajevo – Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, during 2008-2023. Whole blood samples were cultivated for 72 hours with the thymidine added in the 48th hour. Metaphases were arrested by colcemid 60 minutes before harvesting. GTG banding was performed and slides were analyzed under 1000x magnification in accordance with An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature and E.C.A. Cytogenetic Guidelines and Quality Assurance. Constitutionally aberrant karyotypes were found in 2.92% of analysed individuals as well as altered karyotypes considered as normal chromosomal variants. In the total of 3092 analyzed metaphases, 20 spontaneous chromosomal aberrations were found in 13 individuals. This study contributes to the limited knowledge of the cytogenetic status of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian population. Further monitoring of spontaneous chromosomal aberrations incidences is recommended.

Therapeutic approaches targeting proteins on the surface of cancer cells have emerged as an important strategy for precision oncology. To fully capitalize on the potential impact of drugs targeting surface proteins, detailed knowledge about the expression patterns of the target proteins in tumor tissues is required. In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), agents targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have demonstrated clinical activity. However, PSMA expression is lost in a significant number of CRPC tumors, and the identification of additional cell surface targets is necessary in order to develop new therapeutic approaches. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression and co-expression patterns of trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2), delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) in CRPC samples from a rapid autopsy cohort. We show that DLL3 and CEACAM5 exhibit the highest expression in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), while TROP2 is expressed across different CRPC molecular subtypes, except for NEPC. We observed variable intra-tumoral and inter-tumoral heterogeneity and no dominant metastatic site predilections for TROP2, DLL3, and CEACAM5. We further show that AR amplifications were associated with higher expression of PSMA and TROP2 but lower DLL3 and CEACAM5 levels. Conversely, PSMA and TROP2 expression was lower in RB1-altered tumors. In addition to genomic alterations, we demonstrate a tight correlation between epigenetic states, particularly histone H3 lysine 27 methylation (H3K27me3) at the transcriptional start site and gene body of TACSTD2 (encoding TROP2), DLL3, and CEACAM5, and their respective protein expression in CRPC patient-derived xenografts. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the patterns and determinants of expression of TROP2, DLL3, and CEACAM5 with important implications for the clinical development of cell surface targeting agents in CRPC.

Abstract:  In informal circles there can still be found division of sport according to criterion of sex, therefore we have so called "male" and "female" sports. Reasons for this division can be found in different places but it seems that gender (in) equality, which was particularly pronounced in the past, is the foundation of this understanding of sports. Tradition observes sport as "male" activity in which certain anthropological dimensions, such as body constitution or muscle strength determine success, dominantly, where participation of women in such activities becomes pointless, unnecessary and irrelevant, because they have "weaker body constitution". This approach and understanding of sport lead to the opinion that historically speaking, women in all aspect of social development didn't have equal rights in doing physical activities and sport, in general, although their needs for movement were and still are on the same level as men's. The goal was to use a descriptive method to analyze and define certain gender differences in the area of anthropological dimensions (morphology, cardiovascular system, functional abilities, body composition, somatic changes during life, ...) on the basis of which certain recommendations were given for physical activity and the training process of women. Playing sports and physical exercise are important for women's health, physical fitness and physical appearance and improve their quality of life. It can be concluded that physical activity has an extremely good and positive effect on the psychophysical state of the female organism and numerous health benefits compared to women who lead a sedentary lifestyle.

<p><strong>Introduction. </strong>The adoption of correct walking patterns is an indicator of the locomotor system readiness to establish optimal interaction between body force and the surface, and the way of creating pressure exerted by the feet during the walking cycle. The aim was to examine how the speed and characteristics of the terrain affect the distribution of force and plantar pressure during the gait of children with different levels of physical activity.</p> <p><strong>Methods.</strong> A prospective comparative study included 150 students aged 11&ndash;12 years and their parents from Banja Luka. According to the protocol, each group of subjects walked at average and maximum speed on flat and 5% inclined terrain. For the purposes of the research, the Physical Activity Questionnaire PAQ-C (The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children), a survey questionnaire for parents, measurement of anthropometric parameters and Zebris strips (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) were used for gait analysis.</p> <p><strong>Results.</strong> When walking at maximum speed in inactive subjects, the maximum force on the left (F(148) = 14.878, p &lt; 0.001) and right (F(148) = 8.204, p &lt; 0.001) heel decreased, while in moderately and highly active subjects it grew moderately. In highly active subjects, the highest value of maximum pressure was registered (d = -1.41 for the left leg and d = 1.36 for the right leg). When the slope of the terrain changes in inactive subjects, the maximum force on the front part of both feet decreased (F(148) = 5.043, p = 0.008, d = 0). The influence of terrain characteristics was such that walking on a 5% incline almost as a rule had greater effects on inactive children, while moderately and highly physically active children gave an adequate response when walking on the 5% incline.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Urbanization and new developments in society impose the need to involve children in organized activities so that children acquire the skills and demonstrate the competence they face in their environment.</p>

Soil fertility is pivotal for agricultural productivity, and iron (Fe) is a critical micro- nutrient essential for a successful crop development. This study investigates a potential of ensemble machine-learning methods in geospatial prediction of soil Fe in Croatia. Using a dataset of 686 soil samples, three individual machine-learning methods, including the extreme gradient boosting (XGB), support vector machine (SVM), and Cubist, as well as their ensemble, were evaluated for the soil Fe predi- ction. The ensemble method outperformed the individual models, exhibiting a higher prediction accuracy expressed by the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.578), with a lower root-mean-square error (RMSE = 0.837) and the mean absolute error (MAE = 0.550). The soil clay content emerged as the most influential predictor, followed by the sand content, pH values, and select bioclimatic variables. This study’s results demonstrate the effectiveness of ensemble machine learning in an accurate predicti- on of soil Fe content and contribute to an informed decision-making in sustainable agricultural land-use planning and management. By including the complementary machine-learning methods into an ensemble with the representative environmental covariates, a geospatial prediction aids to a reliable comprehension of soil proper- ties and their spatial variability.

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