Outdoor pig farming include free access to outdoor area and wide use of natural resources of soil and plants in which animals can express their natural behavior. Some management practices that may improve welfare such as outdoor rearing, holding in groups, use of bedding or other housing systems in which it is difficult to implement good sanitation may increase risk to exposure of pigs to the pathogens from the environment. Presence of pathogens or their vectors in outdoor areas in combination with poor environmental conditions may result in high prevalence of various infectious or parasitic diseases, many of which may be zoonotic. Difficulties in implementation of common biosecurity measures and health management principles in outdoor farming impede effective control of diseases. Use of breeds or strains which are adapted to harsh environmental conditions and exhibit favorable disease resistance such as local breeds or their crossbreds, appropriate feeding including plants and fungi that have detrimental effect on pathogens (parasites), and grazing management with integrated use of medicaments (anthelmintic) can be additional methods of controlling diseases in outdoor farming. The common health problems in outdoor pig farming system and their potential impact on human health are reviewed in this paper.

Introduction: Hospital-acquired Urinary tract infections make 35% of all the hospital-acquired infections, and about 80% of them are related to the catheterization of the urinary bladder Purpose: To determine clinical characteristics and dominant etiologic factors of Urinary Tract Infections associated with urinary catheter (C-UTIs). Methods: Determined clinical characteristics of C-UTIs were prospectively analyzed on 38 hospitalized patients in the Clinic for Infectious Diseases at the University Clinical Centre Tuzla, from January 1st 2011 to December 31st 2011. The control group constituted of 200 patients with community-acquired Urinary Tract Infections (Co-UTIs) hospitalized in the same period. Results: It was registered on 22 (57.89%) of symptomatic infections, 14 (36.84%) asymptomatic bacteriuria and 2 (5.26%) other C-UTIs. Dominant etiologic factors were: E. coli, caused 14 (36.84%), Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase producing (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae 7 (18.42%), Enterococcus faecium and Candida spp. 3 (7.89%) of C-UTIs. E. coli was significantly most common etiologic factor of C-UTIs in younger women (p=0.04). E. coli from C-UTIS showed significantly higher resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Inadequate antimicrobial therapy was significantly more common prescribed to patients from C-UTIs. Lethal outcome was significantly most common associated with certain clinical and laboratory findings. Conclusion: Initial antimicrobial therapy of those serious infections should be based on data from those research.