Introduction: Air pollution occurs when the concentration of certain substances (pollutants) reaches a size which causes its toxicity, or in other words, begins to cause harm to human health, fl ora and wildlife.Methods: Measurements were performed in the period from 2005 to 2010, at the measuring point Bjelave-Sarajevo by the method of Griess-Saltzmann. It encompasses the following parameters: NO, NO2, NOx, measured concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere reduced to normal atmospheric conditions of 293 K (Kelvin) and pressure of 101.3 kPa (kilopascal).Results: NO concentration in the period from 2005 to 2008 was above the permitted value, but the results of research in the period between 2009 and 2010, have shown that there was a decrease in NO concentration in the atmosphere. Measurements show that the concentration of this pollutant is currently declining, which is a positive result compared to the pollution of the atmosphere by nitrogen monoxide. Furthermore, the results of the research showed that the concentration of NO2 for the period of 2005 to 2010, is in the limited values, and that has a decreasing trend, which is also a positive result compared to the pollution of the atmosphere by nitrogen dioxide. Related to the total concentration of NOx in the atmosphere, the results of the research show that their representation corresponds to the limit values existing in the Rulebook on limit values for air quality.Conclusion: The results of the research for the pollution of the atmosphere by nitrogen oxides in the investigated area show that the amount of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere is in constant decline.

Introduction: The aim of the study was determining the type of weapon and shooting distance depending on chemical analysis of inorganic gunshot residue from the skin gunshot wounds in experimental animals (pigs).Methods: Experimental study was conducted in order to determine components and their percentage in gunshot residue (GSR). In 60 samples, pig skin was shot by fi ring projectiles from four different weapons and from three different distances (contact wound and near contact wound from 5 cm and 10 cm). The methodology included determining the presence of inorganic material: antimony, barium, lead, nickel, zinc and copper in the skin and subcutaneous tissue using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).Results: Formula for determining weapon type was provided cutt-off points for different weapons, with 78.6% of original grouped cases being correctly classifi ed. Formula for determining weapon type was provided cutt-off points for different distances, with 58.9% of original grouped cases being correctly classified, which was slightly less reliable compared to weapon type discrimination analysis.Conclusion: The presented study showed that chemical analysis of GSR in entrance wound with AAS could be useful in determining the type of weapon, as well as the shooting distance, i.e. in our study, determiningwhether the wound is contact or near contact. This could be particularly useful in postmortally putrefi ed or charred bodies with gunshot wounds.

It has been noted that without the appropriate adverbial modification some passive participles are not acceptable in the attributive position in English: e.g. *a found suitcase, *a killed young man, *a built apartment block, as opposed to some passive participles that are not subject to this restriction: e.g. an abandoned village, a complicated man, the needed discipline. The assumption that identification of categorial status can be better seen at the level of larger constituents, has led us to propose some distributional diagnostic tests to confirm whether they retain their verbal force or have achieved their adjectival status in English, when used in the attributive position. Since their morphological form has not proved to be reliable for identification of their category, we have proposed to test them by classifying the types of adverbs enabling some of the passive participles to be used attributively. Given that the same adverbs can modify both, adjectives and verbs, we have focused on the classification of degree adverbs pre-modifying passive participles attributively used. The tests proposed in this paper may show that the open class degree adverbs that modify passive participles in both, attributive and predicative distribution do not fall into the single class but split up into the subclasses: degree adverbs/intensifiers and adverbs of measure/quantity modifying passive participles in attributive and predicative function, respectively. Since passive participles, too, may have different interpretation and either adjectival or verbal/passive reading when used as attributes, the open class degree adverbs are tested at the level of participial phrase used attributively within the NP. The examples were compared with the translation equivalents in BCS to see whether the same constraint affects passive attributes in BCS. Keywords: degree adverbs, intensifiers, adverbs of quantity/ measure, passive participles, complementary distribution

Introduction: Lumbar pain syndrome is the most common cause of temporary work disability in people under 45 years of age. The aim of this study was to detect the frequency of acute and chronic lumbar painsyndrome in people of both gender, different age structures, different occupations and in active working population, and to determine the efficiency of trunk stabilizing exercises in its treatment.Methods: We analyzed 27 patients with acute and 33 patients with chronic lumbar pain syndrome from 01.01.2010 to 31.12.2012 which undergone trunk stabilizing exercises. We evaluated and scored 0 to 5the condition of respondents before treatment and after the treatment.Research results: The mean score of condition of respondents with acute lumbar pain syndrome before therapy is 2.96, whereas after treatment is 4.71. The mean score of condition of respondents with chroniclumbar pain syndrome before therapy is 3.76, whereas after treatment is 4.63.Conclusion: Treatment with trunk stabilizing exercises performed in the clinic "Praxis” leads to improved scores of condition of respondents after treatment.

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar associacoes entre as atitudes em relacao a matematica e o desempenho na disciplina de alunos do 6o ano do Ensino Fundamental. Participaram 37 escolares com idades entre 10 e 14 anos. Utilizou-se a Escala de Atitudes em Relacao a Matematica (EARM) para avaliar as atitudes dos alunos em relacao a disciplina. O desempenho na disciplina de Matematica foi investigado a partir da media das notas dos tres primeiros bimestres. As meninas apresentaram medias superiores aos meninos tanto na EARM quanto no desempenho. O teste de correlacao de Spearman apontou correlacao positiva e moderada. Quando tal associacao foi analisada separadamente, observou-se que nos meninos a correlacao foi fraca ( ro=0,343 ), enquanto que as meninas encontrou-se forte ( ro=0,758 ). Os achados evidenciam uma relacao positiva entre as atitudes em relacao a Matematica e o desempenho escolar na disciplina.

Introduction: Oxidative stress represents a pathophysiological mechanism lying behind occurrence of different acute and chronic diseases. Pregnancy, mainly due to placenta rich with mitochondria, is also being associated with the state of oxidative stress. Numerous markers have been proposed in order to test oxidative stress in pregnancy state, one of them being 8-isoprostane. The aim of this study was to analyse serum concentrations of 8-isoprostane as a possible oxidative stress marker in pregnancy.Methods: Serum concentrations of 8-isoprostane were measured in overall population of 84 woman, between 20 and 30 years of age. Tested population was divided in 2 groups: 42 pregnant woman were classifi ed as being either in the fi rst or second trimester of pregnancy. In the control group healthy nonpregnant women were included. Concentration of 8-isoprostane in serum was determined by commercial 8-isoprostane EIA test kit of Cayman Chemical Company, USA.Results: The 8-isoprostane levels were signifi cantly increased in pregnant women in relation to healthy non pregnant women (p<0.05). The 8-isoprostane levels were signifi cantly increased in second and third trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05).Conclusions: According to the obtained results, 8-isoprostane might be used as a possible marker of oxidative stress in pregnancy state, but not as a biomarker for the risk of complications development in pregnancy in analysed population.

Introduction: The estrogen defi ciency after menopause leads to accelerated loss of bone mass. The aim of this study was to examine influence of physical activity on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women who hadn’t a deficit of estrogen in their menstrual history.Methods: This prospective study included 100 postmenopausal women, ages between 50 and 65, living in Sarajevo area without estrogen deficiency in menstrual history. The women in the examination group had osteoporosis. The women in the control group had osteopenia or normal mineral bone density. Mineral bone density was measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur by Dual–Energy X–ray Absorptiometry using Hologic QDR-4000 scanner. To assess level of physical activity an International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Long Form was used.Results: In the examination group of women who had no history of menstrual estrogen deficit, level of physical activity was low in 52.00% female, and in 48.00% women level of physical activity was moderate. In the control group of women who had no history of menstrual estrogen defi cit in 10.00% female level of physical activity was low, and in 90.00% female level of physical activity was moderate. The difference in levels of physical activity between the two groups was statistically significant, X2 test = 20.6, p <0.005.Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that moderate physical activity has positive impact on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women without estrogen defi ciency in menstrual history and has the potential to reduce rapid bone loss after menopause.

As technology feature sizes shrink, aggressive voltage scaling is required to contain power density. However, this also increases the rate of transient upsets -- potentially preventing us from scaling down voltage and possibly even requiring voltage increases to maintain reliability. Duplication with checking and triple-modular redundancy are traditional approaches to combat transient errors, but spending 2-3x the energy for redundant computation can diminish or reverse the benefits of voltage scaling. As an alternative, we explore the opportunity to use checking computations that are cheaper than the base computation they are guarding. We identify and evaluate the effectiveness of lightweight checks in a broad set of common FPGA tasks in scientific computing and signal and image processing. We find that the lightweight checks cost less than 14% of the base computation. Using an exponential model for the relationship between voltage and transient upset rate, we are able to show over 80% net energy reduction by aggressive voltage scaling without compromising reliability compared to operation at the nominal voltage.

Introduction: This study was performed to establish a baseline value of micronucleus frequency in buccal cells and to estimate the impact of the most common factors (sex and age, and smoking) on micronucleus and degenerative nuclear alteration frequencies in the sample of healthy Bosnian subjects.Methods: The Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay, based on scoring not only micronucleus frequency but also other genome damage markers, dead or degenerated cells, provides a measure of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.Results: Our results showed the baseline buccal micronucleus frequency was 0.135% or 1.35‰, as well as positive correlations between micronucleus frequencies and formations of degenerative nuclear alterations (nuclear buds, karyolytic and karyorrhectic cells). The number of micronuclei in buccal cells was significantly higher in females than in males. There was positive association between the age and frequency of analysed cytogenetic biomarkers. Buccal cell micronuclei and degenerative nuclear alternations were more frequent among cigarette smokers than non-smokers and significantly higher in female smokers than in male smokers. Cytogenetic damages showed significantly positive correlation between intensity of smoking and the number of nuclear alterations. The years of smoking had a significant influence not only on the number of nuclear alterations but also in micronuclei and nuclear buds in buccal cells.Conclusions: The sex influences the number of micronuclei in human buccal cells. The ageing increased the number of micronuclei and other biomarkers of DNA damage. The cigarette smoking significantly increases the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds, pyknotic, karyolytic and karyorrhectic cells.

This article presents a survey of model-driven techniquesfor data model synthesis. During an extensive research,we identified more than 70 research papers in the field andmore than 15 different graphical notations used for the sourcemodel representation.We have classified the proposed approachesinto four distinct groups: function-oriented, process-oriented,communication-oriented and goal-oriented. Their contributionsare presented in chronological order and evaluated based onseveral main criteria. Although the idea of model-driven designof the data model is more than 25 years old, the survey showsthe richness and diversity of ideas, but only a small number ofimplemented automatic generators.

Introduction: The goal of this article is to present that innovating in health care begins to become an imperative in present time. Innovating will enable the achievement of the highest quality health care results and the patients' satisfaction with the least amount of financial resources.Methods: The thorough literature review of multifaceted sources was conducted including: studies, books, monographies and peer – reviewed journals with the goal of achieving the clearer picture of today's modern challenges in the complex fi eld of health care innovation.Discussion: Theoretical and empirical studies clearly indicate that the innovation is one of the key factors in the competitiveness of the organization and its survival in the market. Developed countries of the world today are making significant efforts in order for innovation to become a national priority, with special emphasis placed on measuring innovation performance. Results of theoretical and practical studies show that in the future, treatment of the most diffi cult and complex diseases of our time, through the entirely new discoveries and results, derived from the process of innovation, will project entirely new positive forms and outcomes in the health care.Conclusion: There is no doubt that the humanity and medical science will through innovation succeed to win the battles against the majority of the most complex contemporary diseases. Malignant neoplasm of tomorrow, through the application of a new, innovative approaches to research, processes and treatments will become a chronic diseases. Among many, the particular problem in the process of innovation will represent the cost of research and development (R&D), production and the safety of prescription drugs.

Introduction: Postponed recuperation from anesthesia can lead to different complications such as apnoea, aspiration of gastric content whit consequent development of aspiration pneumonia, laryngospasm, bradycardia, and hypoxia. Aim of this research was to determine infl uence of propofol, sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia on post anesthesia recovery rate.Methods: This was a prospective study; it included 90 patients hospitalized in period form October 2011 to may 2012 year, all patients included in the study underwent lumbar microdiscectomy surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: group 1: propofol maintained anesthesia, group 2: sevoflurane and group 3: isofl urane maintained anesthesia. Assessments of recovery rate were done 1, 5 and 10 minutes post extubation using White fast tracking scoring system.Results: Significant difference was observed only 1 minute after extubation (p=0,025) finding recovery rate to be superior in propofol group. Propofol group compared to inhaled anesthesia with sevoflurane group, shows significantly faster recovery from anesthesia only one minute after extubation (p=0,046). In comparison of propofol group and isofl urane anesthesia group, statistical significance was noticed one minute following extubation (p=0,008). Comparison of propofol group and inhaled anesthesia groups recovery rates were not significantly different at all times measured. When we were comparing sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia, recovery rates shoved no signifi cant statistical difference.Conclusions: Recovery rate evaluated by using White fast tracking scoring system was superior and with fewer complications in propofol maintained in comparison to sevoflurane and isoflurane maintained anesthesia only one minute post extubation, while after fifth and tenth minute difference was lost.