Sentiment analysis leverages machine learning and natural language processing techniques to classify and interpret textual data, identifying sentiments as positive, negative, or neutral. This study explores sentiment analysis in the context of mental health, utilising two models: Logistic Regression and Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). The dataset comprises 52 680 unique statements associated with seven mental health statuses, including depression, anxiety and suicidal tendencies. Logistic Regression achieved an accuracy of 72%, while BERT, with its advanced deep learning architecture, demonstrated a significant improvement with an accuracy of 84%. BERT’s superior performance is attributed to its bidirectional contextual understanding and attention mechanisms, enhancing its ability to handle complex and nuanced textual information. This study highlights the efficacy of BERT over traditional models in analysing and classifying sentiments related to mental health, underscoring its potential for improving early detection and intervention.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant cause of liver-related diseases including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of advanced treatments, underdiagnosis remains a critical challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study explores the application of machine learning algorithms, specifically the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) method, to enhance the diagnosis of HCV by classifying patients into healthy, potentially diseased, and diseased categories based on liver function test results. Using a biomedical dataset of 615 patients, the model achieved high accuracy (99%), precision (98%), and sensitivity (99%), indicating its potential effectiveness in identifying HCV-infected individuals. The study highlights the importance of feature selection in improving model performance and discusses the implications of the findings for enhancing HCV diagnosis and management

: Certificiranje gospodarenja šumskim resursima je u nekoliko prethodnih decenija evoluiralo od teoretskog modela ka aplikativnom konceptu široko prihvaćenom od strane šumarske struke i drugih aktera šumarske politike. Kao tržišno zasnovan pristup, osnažen zabrinutošću krajnjih kupaca proizvoda šumarstva za globalna ekološka pitanja, certificiranje je učvrstilo svoju poziciju specifičnog instrumenta šumarske politike, koji je u stanju odgovoriti na promjenjive zahtjeve društva u odnosu na šumske ekosisteme. Održivo gospodarenje šumskim resursima, kao ultimativni cilj certificiranja, u sebi sadrži suštinu paradigme održivog razvoja – zadovoljenje sadašnjih ekoloških, socioloških i ekonomskih potreba društva bez ugrožavanja interesa budućih generacija. U ovom radu su prikazani efekti koje certificiranje gospodarenja šumskim resursima po programu FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) ima na ostvarenje univerzalnih ciljeva održivog razvoja (Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs) u Bosni i Hercegovini. Metodološki pristup je zasnovan na analizi standarda FSC za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, korektivnim aktivnostima koje su najčešće zahtijevane od poduzeća šumarstva u procesu certificiranja, ekspertnim procjenama šumarskih stručnjaka o pitanju doprinosa certificiranja održivom gospodarenju šumskim resursima, te ocjeni efikasnosti certificiranja od strane aktera šumarske politike u Bosni i Hercegovini. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da certificiranje najviše doprinosi ostvarenju SDG 15 (zaštita, uspostava i promocija održivog korištenja kopnenih ekosistema, održivo upravljanje šumama, sprečavanje širenja pustinja, degradacije zemljišta i gubitka biodiverziteta). Pored toga, certificiranje doprinosi i ostvarenju ostalih ciljeva održivog razvoja koji se odnose na dostojanstven rad i ekonomski rast, osiguranje čiste vode i zaštitu ekosistema povezanih sa vodom, vladavinu prava, rodnu ravnopravnost, dostupnost energije iz obnovljivih resursa, odgovornu proizvodnju i potrošnju, ublažavanje i prilagođavanje klimatskim promjenama i partnerstvo u ostvarenju ciljeva. Može se zaključiti da certificiranje, doprinoseći postizanju održivog gospodarenja šumskim resursima i očuvanju širokog dijapazona koristi od šumskih ekosistema, predstavlja važan instrument za postizanje univerzalnih ciljeva održivog razvoja u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Prospective sixth generation (6G) mobile cellular networks aim to connect everything through the Internet of Thing (IoT) concept. 6G is expected to provide unprecedented data rates, ultrareliable low latency, and extensive device connectivity. Artificial intelligence (AI) will play a vital role in optimizing 6G networks by enabling dynamic spectrum allocation, intelligent resource management, and network optimization. This will create intelligent networks that can adapt, learn, and evolve.

Abstract Diatoms from two high-altitude creeks in Bosnia and Herzegovina were studied from June 2005 to May 2007. Along with diatoms, water temperature, pH, conductivity and nutrients were also monitored, indicating stable physical and chemical conditions, low organic loading and oligotrophy. A total of 130 diatom taxa (species and subspecies) were recorded. Mostly oligotrophic and oligo-mesotrophic indicators were recorded in the creeks. The most abundant genera were Eunotia (15), Pinnularia (13), Gomphonema (10) and Navicula (9). The following taxa were recorded in all samples: Cymbopleura naviculiformis (Auerswald ex Heiberg) Krammer, Decussiphycus hexagonus (Torka) Guiry & Gandhi, Eunotia arcus Ehrenberg, Frustulia vulgaris (Thwaites) De Toni, Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg and Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg. Five new diatom taxa for Bosnia and Herzegovina were recorded. According to the German Red List, the largest number of taxa (34 for creek 1 and 27 for creek 2) were identified as declining taxa and 12 taxa as endangered ones (three for creek 1 and nine for creek 2). The high species richness and the presence of diatom taxa included on the German Red List underline the importance of protecting and preserving this important biotope.

Abstract This article delves into the intricate relationship between contested state- hood and European Union (EU) integration, explicitly focusing on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Since the early 1990s, amidst the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the EU’s enlargement efforts, BiH has grappled with challenges to its statehood, which have impeded its alignment with EU requirements. Despite being universally recognised as an independent state, BiH faces internal contestation, evident in its consociational constitutional framework and the divergent nationalist narratives among constituent groups. Moreover, while BiH maintains external sovereignty, it coexists with significant international oversight, complicating its path toward EU integration. The EU’s expansion into internally contested states like BiH necessitates a nuanced approach considering the entanglement of Europeanisation and de-Daytonisation processes. This article emphasises the complexity of BiH’s governance landscape, where internal dynamics and external influences converge, creating formidable obstacles to sovereignty assertion and governance efficacy. To surmount these challenges, BiH must address internal divisions, foster inclusive governance mechanisms and balance external supervision and internal autonomy. In shedding light on how contested statehood influences the EU’s role and policies, the article discusses the concept of ‘complex sovereignty’, particularly relevant to BiH’s context.

With the advent of the Internet and the accelerated development of information and communication technologies (Cloud Computing, Big Data, etc.), marketing has changed forever. However, it will soon be going soon it will be going through another revolution, largely due to the potential of Blockchain technology. In order for the exchange (transaction) to be carried out to the satisfaction of both entities, there must be trust between them. Unless the entities trust each other, they usually find a solution by hiring a third entity, called an intermediary. At its core, Blockchain enables transactions between two parties without the need for third party verification. If a transaction means any business transaction of transferring ownership of goods or money (securities) from one entity to another, then Blockchain is an alternative way of exchanging and recording transactions by which it is carried out to the satisfaction of both entities, without intermediaries and without the need to trust each other. One of the more significant aspects of applying Blockchain technology is that it gives consumers back control of their personal information, eliminating the possibility for companies to take data from customers without offering them compensation. The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential of Blockchain technology, which puts customers in an even more favorable position, but also enables merchants to access non-intermediary customers such as Google, Facebook, etc. Another aspect of the application of Blockchain technology will be discussed in the paper, which concerns the possibility that customers have all relevant and true (i.e, non-changeable information due to the security provided by Blockchain technology) information about the origin of the products they purchase.

Purpose: Previous studies of the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S), using test and retest designs in modest-sized samples, have reported satisfactory test-retest reliability, i.e., correlations of about 0.80. Simultaneously, lower but moderate correlations between different first and second test respondents were observed and hypothesized to represent unspecified “societal” influences on stuttering attitudes. This study sought to clarify this and other potential relationships between first and second tests with the POSHA-S in a large, geographically and linguistically diverse sample.Methods: POSHA-S Overall Stuttering Scores (OSSs) of 345 respondents from 12 test-retest samples from four countries and languages, with no intervening interventions, were analyzed with correlations and by grouping respondents according to whose stuttering attitudes improved, remained the same, or worsened from test to retest.Results: Test and retest OSSs generally conformed to normal distributions and were not significantly different. Correlations between first versus second tests replicated earlier research. However, when the degree and direction of change from test to retest was considered, both in other correlations and in sorts of respondents, unexpected results emerged. Respondents with intermediate attitudes changed minimally, while those with most and least positive attitudes at the first test changed in opposite directions past the overall mean at second test.Conclusions: While demonstrating adequate test-retest reliability correlations on the POSHA-S, public attitudes were found to be less stable than previously assumed.

Background and Objectives: The saphenous vein graft (SVG) remains the most frequently used conduit worldwide, despite its common disadvantage of early graft failure. To solve the problem and reduce the SVG damage, Souza implemented a new technique where a vein is harvested with surrounding fascia and fat tissue (the so-called no-touch technique). Materials and Methods. A prospective study conducted from February 2019 to June 2024 included 23 patients who underwent myocardial revascularization using a no-touch vein, with follow-up control examinations using computed tomographic angiography to detect graft stenosis or occlusion. Results. Of the entire patient group, 17 (73.9%) were male, with a mean age of 67.39 ± 7.71 years. The mean follow-up period was 25 months. There were no major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) during hospitalization, although one patient died in the hospital. Another patient died due to malignancy, but no MACCEs occurred during the follow-up period. According to multi-slice CT coronary angiography, the results were impeccable, with an astonishing 100% patency observed in all 20 IMA grafts and 58 no-touch SVGs examined. Conclusions. The excellent patency rate during the early follow-up period confirmed that the no-touch technique is a good option for surgical revascularization.

Simple Summary This study explored the differences in skull and mandible shapes between male and female brown bears using advanced 3D imaging techniques. The main goal was to understand how and why these shapes vary, focusing on whether these differences are due to size or sex. The research found that male brown bears have longer and thinner skulls, with notable changes in specific areas like the back of the head and jaw muscles. These differences are likely linked to the larger body size of male bears, which may require stronger muscles and a different skull structure to support their greater weight and chewing needs. The study highlights the importance of these shape variations for the bears’ adaptation to their environment. Understanding these differences can help conserve and manage brown bear populations by providing insights into their physical development and needs. This knowledge is valuable for wildlife biologists, conservationists, and anyone interested in the natural world, offering a clearer picture of how animals adapt over time. Abstract The present study aimed to describe the skull and mandibles of the brown bear (U. arctos) from the Dancing Bear Belitsa Park using advanced 3D morpho-geometric techniques. The objective was to explore how sexual dimorphism and size influence cranial structures using advanced 3D geometric morphometric methods. Three-dimensional models of the skulls and mandibles of 12 brown bears were used. Differences in skull morphology between male and female brown bears were observed in this study. The male brown bear skull, larger than the female, exhibited a more pronounced extension of the upper part of the nuchal region towards the posterior. Additionally, the posterior part of the frontal region appeared notably thinner in male brown bears compared to females. Analysis of the mandible revealed that the masseteric fossa was more developed in males than females. These shape differences between males and females were found to be influenced by body size. Statistical analyses indicated a significant allometric effect of body size on skull PC1 values, suggesting that giant bears tend to have more elongated skulls. This implies a relationship in which larger individuals exhibit greater cranial elongation. In contrast, mandible PC1 values showed no size-related variation, indicating that mandibular shape is less influenced by overall body size. However, PC2 values in the mandible increased significantly with larger specimens, indicating a larger masseteric fossa in larger bears. This morphological adaptation potentially enhances feeding efficiency and bite strength in larger individuals, reflecting functional adaptations in brown-bear mandibular morphology. These findings contribute to our understanding of sexual dimorphism and size-related morphological adaptations in brown bears, providing insights into their adaptation biology and ecological roles within their habitats.

Diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease are chronic conditions with significant overlap in their pathophysiology, primarily driven by chronic inflammation. Both diseases are characterized by an aberrant immune response and disrupted homeostasis in various tissues. However, it remains unclear which disease develops first, and which one contributes to the other. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease may increase the risk of developing diabetes. This review focuses on comprehensively discussing the factors commonly contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease to draw a relationship between them and the possibility of targeting common factors to attenuate the incidence of one if the other is present. A key player in the intersection of diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease is the NLRP3 inflammasome, which regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to prolonged inflammation and tissue damage. Additionally, toll-like receptors via sensing microbial components contribute to diabetes mellitus and inflammatory bowel disease by initiating inflammatory responses. Gut dysbiosis, a common link in both diseases, further intensifies inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Alterations in gut microbiota composition affect intestinal permeability and immune modulation, perpetuating a vicious cycle of inflammation and disease progression by changing protein expression. The overlap in the underlying inflammatory mechanisms has led to the potential of targeting mediators of chronic inflammation using anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics that benefit both conditions or attenuate the incidence of one in the presence of the other.

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