Background: Dry socket is a disturbance in the healing of tooth extraction, characterized by the absence of blood clot and persistence of intense pain. The aim of this study was to determine the costs of treating dry socket, as in Serbia, until now, there has been no adequate estimation of the expenses and cost structure for treating patients with dry socket. Material and Methods: The costs of treating dry socket were analyzed on the sample of 455 adults with confirmed diagnosis of dry socket. All the patients were treated at the Oral Surgery Department, Institute of Dental Medicine in Kragujevac, during 2012. Direct costs per patient, concerning the acquisition of medicines and medical supplies, as well as medical services, were recorded in accordance with the Blue Code Book of the National Health Insurance Fund. Results: Out of total 12.652 teeth extracted, 455patients (3.6%) were diagnosed with dry socket. Total direct cost for treating dry socket in 2012 was 1.298,58 ± 468.93 RSD per patient, of which 1.065,16 RSD ± 394.49 RSD (82.02%) was the total price of the service and 1. 298,58 ± 468.93 RSD (17.98%) was spent on dental supplies. Conclusion: The actual cost of treating dry socket in Serbia shows that there is a need for the implementation of the relevant preventive measures. Global economic crisis, worsens the constant lack of available resources in dental healthcare services. Dry socket, as one of the most frequent post-extraction complications, although quite harmless in terms of clinical prognosis represents substantial economic loss for Serbia.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting emerge during the first 240-48 hours from surgery. Prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting is as high as 30% among all patients undergoing surgery, and almost 80% among the patients with high risk of postoperative vomiting. Since postoperative nausea and vomiting create very unpleasant experience and could lead to serious complications, they should be either prevented or treated. There are several perioperative factors which may initiate postoperative vomiting: opioids, inhalation anesthetics, anxiety, adverse drug effects and transporting the patient. More than one neurotransmitter system is involved in regulation of nausea and vomiting: cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, histaminergic and neurokinin system. Procedures which may decrease prevalence of postoperative vomiting are: use of local or regional anesthesia instead of general one and use of propofol for anesthesia induction (prevalence of vomiting drops for 30%). Ondansetron, dexamethasone and droperidol are equally effective: when administered prophylactically, they decrease risk of posoprative vomiting for 25%. These drugs have additive effect, since their mechanisms of action are different. The patients with extreme risk of postoperative vomiting should receive long-acting antiemetic, like transdermal scopolamine or palonosetron, or combinations of two antiemetics. If a patient who already received antiemetic prophylaxis still develops nausea and vomiting, he or she should be treated by new antiemetic having another mechanism of action.

The number of elderly with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is constantly increasing worldwide, and irregular screening of CKD leads to disease discovering usually in advanced stages. The aim of the study was to examine the presence of CKD biomarkers in the elderly primary care patients, and to analyze whether the presence of diabetes and hypertension in elderly increases the risk for microalbuminuria and reduction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Cross-sectional study included 90 patients older than 65 years of age who are registered in the Family medicine teaching centre of Health centre Bijeljina. Patients were divided into three groups: first consisted of 30 patients who had neither hypertension nor diabetes nor other chronic disease, second of 30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and third of 30 patients with arterial hypertension. Data on patients were obtained by interview, analysis of medical records and physical examinations. Serum and urine creatinine, proteinuria, microalbuminuria (MAU, turbidimetry), and urinary sediment were analyzed. Biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (GFR <60 mL / min / 1.73m2, proteinuria and mikroalbuminurija ¬MAU) were found in 20 (22.2%) patients. Among them, 14 had normal GFR and MAU (12) or MAU and proteinuria (2), whereas 6 had GFR <60 mL / min / 1.73m2 of which 3 had proteinuria and / or MAU. The group with diabetes had significantly more MAU compared to the other two groups, while the groups with diabetes and hypertension had slightly more proteinuria and erythrocyturia than control group. Hypertension and diabetes in the elderly may result in development of CKD biomarkers, so prevention and regular screening of CKD in the patients with these two diseases are necessary.

In this article we considered the extreme temperatures, precipitation and UV-B radiation in Vojvodina region, Serbia. We describe the actual climate conditions for the period 1981−2007 and applied a dynamic downscaling technique using the EBU-POM regional coupled climate model under the SRES-A2 scenario to assess the changes for the period 2021-2100. The results indicate that a warmer and drier climate in the Vojvodina region can be expected at the end of the century. Projection of climate indicates to a strong increase in the mean annual minimum temperatures, and much smaller increase in the mean annual maximum temperatures. The increase of both extreme temperatures is predicted to be the highest in the winter and the lowest in the summer. Mean annual precipitation is projected to increase toward the end of the first half of the 21st century and to decrease for the last 30 years of the 21st century. Precipitation amount will be the highest during the winter and spring. The model simulations show that, by the end of this century, annual mean UV-B dose will recover by 5.2%. Recovery will be faster in the first half of the 21st century and more slowly later on. The UV-B doses recovery is expected to be the highest during the autumn and spring. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation]

This paper investigates current and planned investments in new power plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina and impact of these investments on the energy sector, CO2 emission and internationally committed targets for electricity from renewable sources up to year 2020. Bosnia and Herzegovina possesses strong renewable energy potential, in particular hydro and biomass. However, the majority of energy production is conducted in outdated power plants and based on fossil fuels, resulting in environment pollution. New major investments The Stanari Thermal plant (300 MW) and the investment in Block 7 (450 MW) at the Thermal Plant Tuzla are again focused on fossil fuels. The power sector is also highly dependent on the hydrology as 54% of current capacities are based on large hydro power. In order to investigate how the energy system of Bosnia and Herzegovina will be affected by these investments and hydrology, the EnergyPLAN model was used. Based on the foreseen demand for year 2020 several power plants construction and hydrology scenarios have been modelled to cover a range of possibilities that may occur. This includes export orientation of Stanari plant, impact of wet, dry and average year, delayed construction of Tuzla Block 7, constrained construction of hydro power plants, and retirement of thermal units. It can be concluded that energy system can be significantly affected by delayed investments but in order to comply with renewables targets Bosnia and Herzegovina will need to explore the power production from other renewable energy sources as well.