Introduction: Increased levels of C-Reactive Protein are found in 30-60% on hemodialysis patients and it is closely associated with the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Non enzymatic antioxidants are antioxidants which primarily retain potentially dangerous ions of iron and copper in their inactive form and thereby prevent its participation in the production of free radicals. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship of CRP and non enzymatic antioxidants (albumin, ferritin, uric acid and bilirubin) i.e. examine the importance of CRP as a serum biomarker in assessing the condition of inflammation and its relationship to antioxidant protection in patients on hemodialysis. Methods: The study was cross-sectional, clinical, comparative and descriptive. The study involved 100 patients (non diabetic) on chronic hemodialysis. The control group consisted of 50 subjects without subjective and objective indicators of chronic renal disease. In all patients, the concentration of CRP as well as concentrations of non enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Results: In the group of hemodialysis patients 60% were men and 40% women. The average age of hemodialysis patients was 54.13 ± 11.8 years and the average age of the control group 41.72 ± 9.8 years. The average duration of hemodialysis treatment was 91.42 ± 76.2 months. In the group of hemodialysis patients statistically significant, negative linear correlation was determined between the concentration of CRP in and albumin concentration (rho = -0.251, p = 0.012) as well as negative, statistics insignificant, linear correlation between serum CRP and the concentration of uric acid (r = -0.077, p = 0.448). Furthermore, the positive, linear correlation was determined between serum CRP and ferritin (r = 0.159, p = 0.114) and positive linear correlation between CRP and total serum bilirubin (r = 0.121, p = 0.230). In the control group was determined a statistically significant, positive, linear correlation between serum CRP and uric acid concentration (rho = 0.438, p = 0.001) and statistically significant, positive, linear correlation between serum CRP and total serum bilirubin (rho = 0.510, p = 0.0001) A statistically significant, negative linear correlation was determined between CRP and albumin concentration (rho= -0.393, p = 0.005) as well as statistically significant, negative linear correlation between serum CRP and ferritin control group (rho = -0.391, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Elevated CRP level is a strong and independent predictor of low levels of serum albumin, which indicates that the hypoalbuminemia in hemodialysis patients could be more due to inflammation than malnutrition. There was no statistically significant correlation between CRP and other non enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, ferritin, bilirubin), which shows that indicators of antioxidant defense in hemodialysis patients must be individually measured to determine their actual stocks and activity.

The aim of the research was to determine the impact of education and spiritual message on self-evaluation and consciousness development of mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Research included the sample of 30 respondents. After evaluation of the initial status, 7 mothers gave up, so in the end, total sample was consisted of 23 respondents. Research was conducted by specially conceived protocols. Educations, and one modification of psychophysical relaxation based on Jacobson concept, were used. Multidimensional approach in inducing personal states of consciousness of the respondents, with specifically harmonically background of learning and listening to spiritual messages was used during the psychophysical relaxation. In order to review the research objective that was set, two modified scales of self-evaluation of mother herself and of the child. In order to check the hypothesis of the research, t-test for dependent sample of the respondents, was used. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, we could conclude that it has come to significant changes in applied sample of the respondents, during the séances, and that changes manifested in the levels of self-evaluation for controlled variables, of how mothers perceived themselves and their children, stimulated by spiritual messages during the séances.

Introduction: Cigarette smoking among students is greatly widespread. Smoking prevalence ranges from 28% to 67% for students, respectively, from 19% to 34% for female students. Aim: The aim of this survey was to investigate the smoking habits of students, who are studying at three faculties at the University of Tuzla in academic Year 2012/2013 and to investigate whether there is a difference in smoking habits of students from different faculties and observed by gender. Patients and Methods: The study included a total of 254 students, 170 females (66.93%) and 84 male patients (33.07%). A representative sample consisted of students of three faculties of the University of Tuzla. Results: The conducted analyzes have shown that in this sample 22.8% of current smokers, and 7.8% are former smokers who now no longer smoke. Due to the adopted smoking habits, which some students began to adopt in the age of 13, in 47.5% part of students occasionally was observed some symptoms (cough, etc.) which are attributed to smoking. The analysis showed no statistically significant gender difference in smoking habits. Although the trend of smoking in the population students progression, one and the same quantity was well as male colleagues. We did not find any statistically significant difference in onset of adopting smoking habits. Conclusion: The analyzes have shown that in this sample 22.8% of current smokers, and 7.8% were former smokers who now no longer smoke. The analysis showed no statistically significant gender difference in smoking habits of all students. There were no statistically significant differences in the daily consumption of cigarettes between faculty.

Aim: The aim of prenatal diagnostics is to provide information of the genetic abnormalities of the fetus early enough for the termination of pregnancy to be possible. Chromosomal abnormalities can be detected in an unborn child through the use of cytogenetic, molecular- cytogenetic and molecular methods. In between them, central spot is still occupied by cytogenetic methods. In cases where use of such methods is not informative enough, one or more molecular cytogenetic methods can be used for further clarification. Combined use of the mentioned methods improves the quality of the final findings in the diagnostics of chromosomal abnormalities, with classical cytogenetic methods still occupying the central spot. Material and methods: Conducted research represent retrospective-prospective study of a four year period, from 2008 through 2011. In the period stated, 1319 karyotyping from amniotic fluid were conducted, along with 146 FISH analysis. Results: Karyotyping had detected 20 numerical and 18 structural aberrations in that period. Most common observed numerical aberration were Down syndrome (75%), Klinefelter syndrome (10%), Edwards syndrome, double Y syndrome and triploidy (5% each). Within observed structural aberrations more common were balanced chromosomal aberrations then non balanced ones. Most common balanced structural aberrations were as follows: reciprocal translocations (60%), Robertson translocations (13.3%), chromosomal inversions, duplications and balanced de novo chromosomal rearrangements (6.6% each). Conclusion: With non- balanced aberrations observed in the samples of amniotic fluid, non- balanced translocations, deletions and derived chromosomes were equally represented. Number of detected aneuploidies with FISH, prior to obtaining results with karyotyping, were 6.

Introduction: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a standard treatment for the prevention of stroke and death in patients with significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Eversion endarterectomy is warranted in patients with symptoms of cerebral ischemia and the degree of stenosis of 70-99%. The same is suitable for treating a symptomatic carotid artery stenosis with contralateral stenosis (50-70%). Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate perioperative complications (ICV, TIA, MI, mortality) in patients treated with carotid eversion endarterectomy with unilateral and bilateral symptomatic stenosis (with bilateral stenosis treated with ACI stenosis ≥70%). Patients and Methods: The study included 139 patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis at the Department of Vascular Surgery of the University Clinical Center of Sarajevo in the period from January 2012 to December 2014 year. Given the involvement of ACI stenosis patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 74 patients with bilateral stenosis (surgically treated with ACI stenosis ≥70%, while the degree of stenosis opposite ACI was from 50-70%), and group B of 65 patients with unilateral stenosis ≥70%. Results: Of the 139 patients included in the study, in the group A was 74, of which 46 male (62.2%) and 28 female (37.8%), while in group B were 42 male (64.6%) and 23 female (35.4%) (p = 0.90). The subjects in group A were slightly older 65.9 (± 7.8) compared to group B 64.2 (± 7.7) (p = 0.17). Analysis of risk factors indicating a higher number in Group A compared to group B, but the difference was not statistically significant: 34 smokers (45.9%) versus 36 (55.4%); p = 0:34), patients with hypertension (63 (85.1%) against the 52 (80.0%); p = 0.56), with statin therapy (62 (83.8%) versus 52 (80.0%); p = 0.72), diabetes (18 (24.3%) versus 18 (27.7%); p = 0.79) and with a heart disease (18 (24.3%) versus 7 (10.8%); p = 0.06). Analysis of the frequency of perioperative complications between the groups was not statistically significant: ICV (2/74 versus 3/65; p = 1.00), TIA (2/74 versus 3/65; p = 0.88), one death was recorded in group A, while myocardial infarction (MI) we had in either group. Conclusion: In this study, no statistically about significant differences in the number of perioperative complications (from 0 to 30 days) between the two groups. With this risk is acceptable to perform carotid endarterectomy in a patient in the opposite ACI stenosis of 50-70%.

Health professionals are able to make right decision in right time only if they posses prompt, accurate and up to date information about health status of patients and general population. They also need knowledge and tools, computer and information technologies, for successful management of huge amount of information. Efficient management of information is of crucial importance for health policy and decision-making process, and to produce high quality results in public health and healthcare delivery. The book consists of 6 chapters: Connections between Computer Sciences and Medical Informatics; Development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); Development of Internet and Social Networks; Development of Classification Systems in Biomedicine; Development of Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems and Biocomputers; The Role of IMIA and EFMI in Development of Medical Informatics. The book presents an original effort to summarize the basic knowledge about the history of medical informatics and informatics education in Europe and broader, development stages and influence of computer sciences on development of medical informatics. In addition, history and development of medical informatics in former Yugoslav countries is also presented, as well as some basic facts about the establishment, importance and activities of the two key international associations IMIA and EFMI. A broad history of establishing and activities of all Working Groups of IMIA and EFMI is included, as the most influential scientists and doyens in development of medical informatics worldwide. The author of the book pay special tribute to most important events and persons who were included in the development of Medical informatics during last 50 years, especially for establishing and developing of International Association of Medical Informatics (IMIA) and European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) and MIE and MEDINFO Congresses organized from 1974 in Stockholm till 2014 organized in Istanbul. The book is fulfilling an important gap revealing the history and emphasizing the importance of medical informatics as a new scientific discipline with very fast development and implementation in health care sector. Health informatics is contributing remarkably in everyday practice of medical and public health professionals, in efficient management of huge and increasing amount of health information and general and specific medical knowledge toward improved quality of health care, as well as to professional and scientific competitiveness in Europe and broader. The knowledge of information technology is now part of general literacy. The 212 pages are distributed in 6 chapters with references and consulted references added to each chapter. The book is directed toward medical and other professionals in biomedicine, especially the young doctors. The book can be used by students at all levels, from undergraduate to postgraduate master and doctoral studies, and professionals in various clinical disciplines and public health. The book can also be useful as a guideline for all medical and other professionals in biomedicine in conducting everyday activities and promoting of their professional and research work.

Introduction: There are limited numbers of studies which focused on the identification of Malassezia yeasts to a species level in onychomycosis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the prevalence and species composition of Malassezia yeasts in patients with clinically suspected onychomycosis and to examine if the range of species varies with patient gender, age, site of involvement and clinical pattern of onychomycosis. Methods: Specimens were taken from 785 patients presenting signs of onychomycosis and then incubated on Sabouraud dextrose agar and modified Dixon agar. The yeasts isolated were identified according to their macroscopic and microscopic features and physiological characteristics. Results: Malassezia species were diagnosed both by microscopy and culture in fourteen (1.8%) patients. M. globosa was the predominant, if not only, species identified from nail samples. Mixed cultures were observed in five cases: in 4 cases Malassezia was co-isolated with Candida albicans and in one case with dermatophyte. Fingernails were affected more frequently than toenails (85.7%) and distolateral subungual onychomycosis was the most common clinical type (78.6%). Conclusion: No significant differences were found in the distribution of Malassezia species isolated according to demographic parameters.

Introduction: The prevalence of dyspepsia in the general population worldwide is very high (20-40%). Upper abdominal complaints are one of the most common cause of patients’ visits to primary care settings. Making an accurate etiological diagnosis of dyspepsia is difficult, but is an important challenge and goal for every doctor in primary care practice. Clinical guidelines have standards for gastroesophageal reflux disease, management of Helicobacter infection and indications for the use of endoscopy (empiric treatment, prompt endoscopy, “test and treat”). In spite of the application of those standards, many patients experience no improvement in their symptoms or often the recurrence of disease. Aim: This study presents a new approach to the diagnostic and therapeutic management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in primary care settings to provide long-term effective control of symptoms for family doctors. Material and methods: 3000 unselected consecutive dyspeptic patients underwent abdominal ultrasound, and 1000 dyspeptic patients from the same group upper endoscopy.. In this approach diagnostic evaluation of dyspepsia includes: abdominal ultrasonography as a first line obligatory routine method and the exact estimation of nutritional condition. Results: Abdominal ultrasound, physical examination and BMI control have significant value in the diagnostic evaluation of dyspepsia. The therapeutic approach includes, besides general standards (acid suppressive drugs, eradication of H. pylori, prokinetic and antidepressant agents), life style modification and nutritional interventions as first-line treatments. In this approach the use of new drugs such as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), pre and probiotics, and digestive enzymes supplements is recommended. Conclusion: Throug the combination of different diagnostic procedures as first line methods, including abdominal ultrasound and nutritional condition (BMI), a family doctor can manage successfully uninvestigated dyspepsia at the primary care level.

Abstract Management innovation – the introduction of management processes, structures and practices that are new to companies, is crucial to business success. Based on the existing literature on management innovation and a rigorous theoretical approach to model design and development, a theoretical model of management innovation that is applicable to immature and underdeveloped markets was designed. Using this model, the study shows that the context in which companies operate, as well as companies’ management background (proficiency), are directly and positively related to management innovation. The main implication of the research is that the existing management innovation theory is applicable to market conditions in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with only slight adaptation. Furthermore, this research provides important insights about the factors that affect the companies’ readiness to introduce innovative management structures, processes and practices.

When identical commodities are being exchanged between two or more markets, the prices of those commodities should be equal according to the law of one price, with the only difference in the transport cost between those markets. Therefore, in the perfectly integrated economy, local demand has no impact onto the formation of the market price, and once changes in local demand occur, the prices are being equalized in the national market through efficient allocation of resources (Pareto efficiency). Quantity supplied is being adjusted by shifting goods towards the markets with higher demand. This represents “the first fundamental theorem of welfare economics”, which is confirmation of Adam Smith's "invisible hand". The concept is further expanded first by Stigler, explaining the relevance of market information for the purpose of increasing market efficiency. When there is lacking significant market information, agents in the market cannot engage in optimal arbitrage and the price dispersion is present, so therefore markets are not efficient (Stigler, 1961). We put this theory into perspective of the particular setting in B&H. We analysethe extent of agro-food market integration in B&H by studying price differentials between different market locations to answer whether the introduction of ICT service improved market efficiency, thereby potentially revealing that actors in the market did not actually have access to relevant price information.