Toma Živanovic (Thomas Givanovitch, 1884-1971) taught criminal law at Belgrade University (1909-1945). He obtained his LL.D. from the Sorbonne (1908) and did postdoctoral work in the Berlin Criminalistics Institute under Franz von Liszt (1908/9). In 1916-1918 he taught two courses at the Sorbonne, in which he developed two theoretical insights which were well received in the academia of the time. The first concerned a tripartite division of the fundamental notions in criminal law and the second a 'synthetic' philosophy of law. The paper contributes new data on Živanovic's personality, life and work. Although recognized in Serbia as a leading international scholar and a victim of Communism, Živanovic is also the subject of an oral tradition, initially developed by his colleagues and students, which remembers him as a selfish, stingy and rancorous individual, willing to do for money things that people with a more developed moral sense would not, and unwilling to help his students. The paper critically assesses this tradition and finds it to be true in some, but invented in other parts. Born to a family of an uneducated provincial artisan and burdened by a speech impediment, Živanovic suffered from an inferiority complex, which thwarted his social integration. Eventually he entered the high society of the then Yugoslavia, partly because his marriage to an influential socialite. He was a noted member of the leading international associations in criminal law and philosophy and, together with Vespasiano Pella, Raphael Lemkin and several others, belonged to a 'select group' of European lawyers who dealt with issues of international criminal law and terrorism. After the Communist takeover in 1945, much of Živanovic's family property was nationalized and he was forced to retire from the University. He did remain a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, through which he continued his research and writing, often travelling abroad to work in libraries and participate in international congresses. He published his three-volume Synthetic Philosophy of Law in Yugoslavia, but foreign publishers had lost interest in his work. In the last two decades of his life, Živanovic became obsessed by what he perceived as the seminal importance of his earlier contributions. He regarded tripartition as a universally applicable 'discovery' (rather than an insight or a theoretical construct), to be used in all legal and many 'extra-legal' sciences (such as zoology and pedagogy). He believed that nearly all modern criminal codes were based on his tripartite theory and suspected a conspiracy of legal scholars to minimize or deny his authorship. Živanovic's obsession gradually made him lose contact with reality. Twice, in 1960 and 1961, he nominated himself for the Nobel Prize in literature (it not being awarded for legal scholarship). Although Živanovic was indeed an internationally recognized and prominent legal scholar before the Second World War, assessment of his significance prevailing in the Serbian literature is overstated, closer to his own delusional self-image than to reality.

In the Ottoman province of Serbia (initially the Belgrade Pashalik), the Roma had the same legal status as elsewhere in the Empire: they paid a special, Gypsy poll tax (Gypsy cizye; in Serbian: ciganski harac) and were subject to the personal jurisdiction of the Gypsy poll tax collector (Gypsy cizyedar; ciganski haraclija). After a successful uprising in 1815, the Serbs acquired a degree of autonomy, gradually broadened and formalized through a series of sultanic decrees, to culminate in a Constitution granted to Serbia by the Sultan in 1838. The Serbs progressively expanded their jurisdiction at the expense of the Ottoman authorities in every respect, including the powers over the Roma. Starting in 1818, the Serbian Prince began to collect the Gypsy tax in the name and on behalf of the Ottoman authorities; in 1826, he leased it from them, and by 1830 it was included in the lump annual tribute paid by Serbia to the Porte. The Ottomans thereby lost all jurisdiction over the Roma, excepting a small number of those employed as servants in the Turkish garrisons. Although Serbian authorities otherwise consistently endeavoured to replace the inherited Ottoman laws and customs with legislation modelled on that of West European Christian states, in respect to the Roma no attempt was made to alter the Ottoman system of special jurisdiction and taxation. In fact, the first changes in this system were consistent with the contemporary reforms proclaimed by the Porte: those nomadic Roma who wished to settle were to be given free land and to pay ordinary taxes. The same policy was proclaimed in Serbia in 1839, when the already sedentary Roma were entered into general tax registers, but no success was achieved in settling the nomads (a majority were eventually settled in the decade between mid-1860s and mid-1870s). The Gypsy tax collector (haraclija) was transformed into an institution (haracluk), with its own budget and staff, retaining personal jurisdiction over the nomadic Roma. This jurisdiction was progressively narrowed, to be abolished in 1853, together with the haracluk. However, the nomads remained subject to the poll tax, now collected by regular authorities. In consequence, they were also disenfranchised, as (since 1869) only the adult males who paid property and/or income (but not poll) tax had a right to vote. (Disenfranchisement, on the same grounds, affected other, non-Roma, categories, such as servants.) In 1884 the poll tax was abolished and the Roma achieved the same legal status as other Serbian citizens.

The aim of the study was to determine the presence of risk factors for developing hypertension in the University of Belgrade student population whose faculties do not provide the opportunity to learn about these factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted during November and December 2015 at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, the Faculty of Electric Engineering and the Faculty of Law. The respondents filled in a questionnaire, which was approved by the Ethics Committee for bio-medical research from the Faculty of Pharmacy. The study included 487 students. 56.7% were male students. Most of the respondents studied Law (210), followed by Mechanical Engineering (168) and Electrical Engineering (109). 75.8% of respondents consumed salty snacks, while 34.5% of them changed their habits of consuming snacks during the examination period. Fish was consumed less than once a week by 39.8% of the respondents, whereas 19.9% of them consumed candies every day. 63.9% consumed fast food. Energy drinks were not consumed by the majority (52.2%), while 22.4% only consumed them before an exam. The research results indicated the presence of reversible risk factors in the examined student population. In order to prevent the development of hypertension in the elderly population and reduce the number of risk factors present, it is necessary to develop educational programs for proper diet and adequate intake of food groups.

UDK 341.485(497.6=163.4*3)”1992/1995” 355.012:341.485(497.6)”1992/1995” Sažetak U istraživanju zlocina protiv covjecnosti i međunarodnog prava na podrucju opcine Visegrad poseban je naglasak stavljen na bestijalnu metodu vrsenja zlocina kroz masovno i pojedinacno spaljivanje civila (žena, djece i staraca) u kucama i drugim pomocnim objektima. U tom se kontekstu promatra povijesna kronologija takvih zlocinackih pothvata s namjerom prezentiranja i dokazivanja njihovog kontinuiteta, a koji su svoj vrhunac imali u Visegradu u periodu od 1992-1995. godine. Rezultati teorijskih i empirijskih istraživanja zorno pokazuju i dokazuju da je grad Visegrad postao paradigma zlocina spaljivanja civila, te se stoga opravdano karakterizira kao grad u kojem je veliki broj civila planski, sistemski i organizirano spaljen s ciljem najbrutalnijeg etnickog ciscenja i progona stanovnistva iz doline rijeke Drine. Potvrda navedene teze nalazi se i u relevantnim presudama Haskog tribunala zlocincima koji su direktno ili indirektno ucestvovali u tim, zdravom ljudskom umu, neshvatljivim ubijanjima civila samo iz razloga sto su po nacionalnosti i/ili vjeri drukciji od tih zvijeri. Summary In this article that deals with the crimes against humanity and international law committed in the territory of the municipality Visegrad the accent is placed upon the bestial method of killing by both mass and individual burning of civilians (women, children and the aged) in houses and other adjoining constructions. In this context the chronological history of this type of crime is viewed with intention to establish and present the continuity of such crimes that in Visegrad reached their peak during 1992-1995. The results of theoretical and empirical research clearly show that the city of Visegrad has become a paradigm of the crime of burning civilians, thus it is justly characterised as the city wherein burning of a large number of civilians was planned, organised and systematically executed with the aim of the most brutal ethnic cleansing and persecution of the inhabitants of the valley of the river Drina. This is also confirmed by the relevant verdicts of the Hague Tribunal against the criminals who directly or indirectly were involved in killings, to a healthy human mind incomprehensible, of the innocent civilians just for being of different nationality or faith.