Abstract Glyphosate is a pesticide that influences many blood parameters if taken orally or subcutaneously. This pesticide causes important changes in the metabolic activity which can be measured by organospecific enzyme activity such as liver aminotransferases (AST and ALT), while glucose acts as a stress, energy and metabolism indicator after acute glyphosate exposure. In this research, glyphosate was applied subcutaneously to rats, administrated each 24 hours for a 15 days period. The concentration of the applied glyphosate was 2.8 g/kg. The experimental rats were 13 weeks old. The concentration of serum glucose, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and liver transaminases (AST and ALT) were observed as indicators of metabolic changes after treatment. It was observed that glyphosate led to a statistically significant decrease of serum glucose level. Statistically significantly increased (p<0.05) AST, ALT and LDH activities are indicators of hepatocyte damage while LDH activity demonstrates damage of other tissues.

A conflict of interest exists when decisions made by a person or institution are affected by direct financial interests or by non-financial issues, such as personal relationships, business associations, and membership in political, national or other groups. These circumstances favor secondary interests over primary interests in medicine and can influence contributions to science and health. Regardless of individual life experiences and personal background, physicians and other health professionals should strive to remain conflict-free. This paper illustrates conflicts of interests in biomedical research and medical practice caused by financial and nonfinancial influences. It also assesses how medical journals, professional organizations, healthcare, and government examine these issues. Presented examples of potential conflicting interests are related to healthcare industry, psychiatry and psychology (e.g., 'enhanced interrogation techniques'), sports medicine, and in the publication process of biomedical journals (authors, editors and peer reviewers). In order to avoid potential conflicting interests, today majority of medical journals request from the authors to disclose any such interests in a written statement on a form prepared by the ICMJE on the journal. This disclosure includes payments for consulting, speaking, honoraria, research support, personal relationships, and institutional conflicts of intersts that may influence the work presented in the submitted manuscript. The editor will decide on potentially relevant conflicting interest in the disclosure and publish it.

The main problem dealt with in this paper is the creation of a protocol for improved QoS-aware mobility management support in cellular all-IP networks, whereby we propose a new algorithm for QoS-aware mobility management, based on multidimensional QoS metrics. An analytical framework for performance evaluation was presented as well. The proposed algorithm for QoS-aware dynamic MAP selection relies on multidimensional QoS metrics, defined in QoS-preference spaces of the mobile node and QoS-ability spaces of MAP candidates, in the decision-making process. The metric is chosen to achieve the desired QoS level through three parameters: bandwidth, delay, and reliability, while retaining the balance of MAP's loads in the entire network. For purposes of performance evaluation of the proposed model, we used: algorithm convergence, traffic class distribution by MAP's, and handover delay. Results showed that the standard deviation for each component of the QoS-ability vector is two orders of magnitude smaller than the deviation in the static MAP selection scenario. We achieved a total handover delay decrease from 20 ms to several hundred milliseconds, by simplifying DAD procedures preserving the simplicity of architecture.

JOSHUA LEDERBERG (1925–2008) Joshua Lederberg (May 23, 1925 - February 2, 2008) was an American molecular biologist known for his work in microbial genetics, artificial intelligence, and the United States space program. He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering about bacterial genetic information transfer. His father, Zvi Lederberg, was an orthodox rabbi; and his mother Esther a homemaker. Joshua felt drawn to science at an early age, stating in a homework assignment at age seven that his career aspiration was to become “like Einstein,” to “discover a few theories in science.” He graduated from Stuyvesant at the age of fifteen. At the Columbia University, his mentor Francis J. Ryan introduced him to the red bread mold, Neurospora, as an important new experimental system in the emerging field of biochemical genetics. In the United States Navy’s V-12 training program, he performed his military training duties and examined stool and blood specimen from malaria patients. After receiving his bachelor’s degree in zoology in 1944, he enrolled in Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons and continued to do his research. Lederberg carried out experiments with the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli which demonstrated that certain strains of bacteria can undergo a sexual stage, that they mate and exchange genes. The most important of his discovery was the discovery of viral transduction, the ability of viruses that infect bacteria to transfer snippets of DNA from one infected bacterium to another and insert them into the latter’s genome. The use of viruses in manipulating bacterial genomes became the basis of genetic engineering in the 1970s. In the year 1958 he received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Tatum and George W. Beadle, “for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria.” The launch of Sputnik in 1957 led Lederberg toward an interest in astronomy that lasted 20 years. His concern about the risk of spacecraft returning to Earth with contaminants from space resulted in a quarantine for space travel that remains in effect today. He went on to design experiments intended to detect the presence of life on Mars, resulting in the Mars Viking lander. Lederberg became increasingly aware of the value of computers. He formed collaborations with researchers at Stanford to create a program for analyzing mass-spectrometric data of molecular structures, called DENDRAL, which led to further programs for disease diagnosis and management. It was the first expert system for specialized use in science. Over the course of his life, Lederberg was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, received the National Medal of Science, was named an honorary life member of the New York Academy of Sciences, was awarded Foreign Membership of the Royal Society of London and holds the title of Commandeur, L’ordre des arts et des lettres in France. Lederberg published over 300 scientific and policy-related articles and was the editor of several books, including Papers in Microbial Genetics: Bacteria and Bacterial Viruses (1951), Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States (1992), and Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat (1999). His first marriage ended in divorce and he remarried Marguerite Stein Kirsch, a clinical psychologist, with whom he had two children. Following a battle with pneumonia, Lederberg passed away in New York in 2008 at the age of 82. Interesting facts: As a child, his idol was Einstein. He was a member of Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. He studied how astronauts from Sputnik can contaminate Earth with space organisms - modern space quarantine. He invented first expert system for specialized use in science. He won a Nobel Prize at the age of 33.

On Saturday 14 May 2016 in Sarajevo, at the Holiday Inn hotel, was organized a reunion meeting of graduates at the Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, who graduated during the academic year 1975/76. The reason for the meeting was the celebration of the 40th anniversary of graduation, or so called “Faculty Graduation”. In one word, it was a lovely, wistful, poignant encounter of one, unfortunately, small group of graduates, as I said in my presentation, the best 25th anniversary generation of the Medical Faculty in Sarajevo. Generation that brought on their shoulders the most significant reform of the medical studies in Yugoslavia and that produced more than 40 university teachers worldwide. I said, unfortunately, because gathered a little more than 10% of our generation many were not able to come because of their work and family responsibilities, some were not informed on time about the gathering, some work and live quite far away, out of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Europe, so it is difficult to reconcile work with other circumstances, but, unfortunately, many of our generation are not alive anymore. It was a moving presentation from each of us – these were short personal histories with a mixture of beauty, sadness and melancholy, joy and sorrow, success and failure in life and work, family and personally. Most of our colleagues who attended the gathering dinner are still employed, while a few have retired. The first wail that they had enough, and the second teased them that they have reborn since retirement. Dominated is the love for the profession that we have chosen and which we enjoyed or still enjoy, but everyone emphasized their success to their offspring daughters, sons and grandchildren. Those that reminded of lost family members by their tears, which they could not hide, saddened also the rest of us. Unfortunately, many colleagues are not among us, who left this world by natural causes, lost their lives during the war or otherwise. People talked about the adventures, the small fragments of our student life. As usual in such situations and in our age, we remember good times – also often difficult REVIEW

Introduction: Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, and represents a disease of the modern age, disease of the 21st century. Prevention of this disease is listed as imperative. Aim of this article was to evaluate questionnaires on the assessment of risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus type 2. Material and Methods: A total of 540 questionnaires handed out randomly to citizens of Canton Sarajevo of all ages, sexes and educational levels (in January 2016) were analyzed. Results: Analyzed questionnaires showed relatively low risk of getting diabetes in the next ten years in the majority of the population. These results are rather encouraging but may in some way be in confrontation with the statistics which show a rapid outburst of diabetes. Conclusion: The life-style is the main reason for such a thing to happen, and looking at these questionnaires, we might get the feeling that we really do live in a, conditionally speaking, physically active society. That, from our everyday experience is not entirely true. It would be wise to continue doing research on this topic on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Abstract The 1691 (G>A) factor V Leiden (FVL) and 20210 (G>A) prothrombin (PT) mutations are the two most common genetic risk factors in venous thromboembolism. The 677 (C>T) methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation is the most frequently mentioned as an independent genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism. As there are limited published data on the prevalence of the 1691, 20210 and 677 mutations in our population, the aim of this study was to determine the frequencies and association of these deep vein thrombosis mutations in the Bosnian population. This study included 111 thromboembolic patients and 207 healthy subjects with absence of known risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Genotyping of the 1691, 20210 and 677 mutations was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction digestion with MnlI, HindIII and HinfI enzymes. Out of the 111 patients, 18.0% were heterozygous and 2.70% were homozygous for the 1691 mutation. Among 207 healthy controls, 3.86%, were heterozygous for the 1691 mutation. This study confirmed the association of the 1691 mutation with deep vein thrombosis in the Bosnian population odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 6.0 (2.62-14.14); p = 0.0001). The 20210 mutation was detected in 2.70% of patients and it was totally absent in the control group. Allele and genotype frequency of 677 did not differ significantly between the cases and controls (χ2 = 1.03; p = 0.309).

Introduction: Analysis of total value of prostate specific antigen (PSAT), with the unavoidable digital rectal examination (DRE) is the basis of prostate cancer detection. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the total value of PSAT in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The aim was also to determine the significance of PSAT in diagnosis of benign prostate hyperplasia, precancerous conditions and inflammatory and atrophic changes of the prostate. Material and methods: Data were collected from the “Register of PH biopsy” of Clinic of Urology, CCU Sarajevo. Results: Analysis of correlation between the diagnosis and the PSAT value shows statistically significant negative correlation (r =-0,186; p = 0.006) in the sense that the value of the PSAT is highest in cancer patients, and the lowest in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. PSAT increases with age (r = 0.152; p = 0.025). For prostate cancer optimal sensitivity and specificity for PSAT value occurs at cut off value of> 8.6 ng /mL. Values lower than 2 ng/mL and higher than 10 ng/mL are most specific, and PPV increases with increasing value of PSAT. PSAT at values of <2 ng/mL and > 10 ng/mL are at high levels of specificity, and value > 10 ng / mL is also of high sensitivity in the detection of prostate cancer, and in this moment these values represent the optimal mode for the subsequent treatment. Conclusion: PSAT has a relative significance in the detection of prostate cancer, and should not be used as a guideline without DRE.

UDK: 581.19:547.56]:582.916.16   In this work, Fraxinus excelsior L. and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. leaves and branches bark extracts have been estimated for their phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity was examined by DPPH and FRAP methods.  Higher contents of total phenols (23.94- 46.98 mg GAE g-1) and flavonoids (6.30 – 9.14 mg RE g-1 and 3.67 – 5.34 mg QE g-1) have been determined in leaves than in the bark for both species. The bark contained higher amounts of total phenolic acids (17.79 – 36.67 mg CAE g-1), coumarins (27.91 – 70.98 mg CE g-1) than the leaves. F. excelsior bark had higher content of proanthocyanidins (4.14 – 7.95 mg LCE g-1) while F. angustifolia leaves were richer in proanthocyanidins (5.76 – 11.16 mg LCE g-1). Generally, higher amounts of bioactive compounds and better antioxidant capacity was found for F. angustifolia. Also, extracts of F. excelsior bark and F. angustifolia leaves displayed higher antioxidant activities. Established correlations between phenols (r2 = 0.8381 – 0.9228), phenolic acids (r2 = 0.8799 – 0.9843), coumarins (r2 = 0.9223 – 0.9716) and antioxidant capacity determined by DPPH and FRAP shown these compounds are the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity in leaves and bark of investigated species.