The paper provides a brief analysis of the crime of genocide through historical and legal contexts, emphasizing that the twentieth century is often referred to as the “century of genocide” due to the numerous mass atrocities committed. The paper relies on the legal definition of genocide and the efforts of Raphael Lemkin that led to the adoption of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Among other things, we explore the complexity of proving genocidal intent, examine the role of ideology in the execution of genocide, and highlight the challenges in classifying crimes as genocide. Despite international efforts to prevent and punish perpetrators of genocide, crimes with elements of genocide continued throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, as illustrated by the example of the genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper pays special attention to the chronology of the genocide in and around Srebrenica in July 1995 as an example of genocidal intent and execution. It also points out the ongoing denial of the adjudicated genocide in Srebrenica and its consequences for Bosnian society and the state.

Traditional Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) metrics are affected by crossing fibers and lesions. Most of the previous tractometry works use the single diffusion tensor, which leads to limited sensitivity and challenging interpretation of the results in crossing fiber regions. In this work, we propose a tractometry pipeline that combines white matter tractography with multi-tensor fixel-based metrics. These multi-tensors are estimated using the stable, accurate and robust to noise Multi-Resolution Discrete Search method (MRDS). The spatial coherence of the multi-tensor field estimated with MRDS, which includes up to three anisotropic and one isotropic tensors, is tractography-regularized using the Track Orientation Density Imaging method. Our end-to-end tractometry pipeline goes from raw data to track-specific multi-tensor-metrics tract profiles that are robust to noise and crossing fibers. A comprehensive evaluation conducted in a phantom simulating healthy and damaged tissue with the standard model, as well as in a healthy cohort of 20 individuals scanned along 5 time points, demonstrates the advantages of using multi-tensor metrics over traditional single-tensor metrics in tractometry. Qualitative assessment in a cohort of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis reveals that the pipeline effectively detects white matter anomalies in the presence of crossing fibers and lesions.

Educating teachers to teach language, culture and history in a post-conflict country such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is still deeply divided and fragmented, implies enormous social and moral responsibilities. These endeavours represent continuous challenges where the processes of healing the wounds in such vulnerable situations, so deep and irreparable, are discussed and contextualised within the long-term social recovery in which the education of children and young people takes on a primarytransformative role. The present paper examines the education policies and divisions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the past twenty years, which reflect the segregation, politicisation and fragmentation in the post-war society. It also focuses on the role of educators in teaching for peace, antidiscriminationand intercultural understanding by addressing the issues of social exclusion, injustice, prejudice, privilege and violence across the curriculum. It problematises the construction and representation of historicaland cultural knowledge, which is usually ethnocentric in orientation. Special emphasis is placed on the role of universities, i.e., university teachers and teacher educators, in promoting critical thinking and universal humanistic values among students in Bosnia and Herzegovina in general, and those studying at the English Department, University of Sarajevo, in particular. Drawing on the theories and resources of critical and intercultural pedagogy and peace education, the paper explores the possibilities of discussing stereotypes and prejudice with first-year BA students at the English Department within their Introduction to BritishStudies course, and with MA student teachers within their Interculturalism in Language Education course, which deals with peacebuilding and intercultural sensitivity in teaching English from a cultural perspective.

This study presents a comparative analysis of titanium leaching from tionite (a byproduct of the titanium dioxide production process) and carbothermally reduced red mud (derived from aluminum residues). Tionites from the sulfate process and red mud residue are known for their environmental impacts due to their metal content and acidic/basic nature. This study explored leaching as a method to recover titanium and other metals under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions using sulfuric acid. Experiments were conducted in an autoclave with different parameter changes, like varying oxygen pressure, temperature, and reaction time to optimize metal extraction. The leaching efficiency of titanium was found to be higher in the carbothermal-reduced slag compared to tionite due to the altered mineral phases in the reduced material. XRD and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed the differing leaching behaviors, with titanium compounds in tionite showing greater resistance to dissolution. These findings highlight the importance of thermal pre-treatment for optimizing metal recovery from industrial residues. The main aim of this study is to contribute to the development of sustainable waste management solutions for tionites and red mud, emphasizing the potential of hydrometallurgical methods for metal recovery. The results are expected to inform future research and industrial applications, advancing the recovery of valuable metals while reducing the environmental footprint of titanium and aluminum residue disposal.

U prvom dijelu teksta ukratko je skrenuta pozornost na fenomen pasa kao kućnih ljubimaca s jedne, te pasa lutalica s druge strane. Osim toga, navedeni su određeni primjeri intenzivnog suodnosa čovjeka i psa, kako kroz historiju, jednako tako i u epohi postkulture. Posebno je razviđan bioetički problem odnosa ljudi prema psima lutalicama u Bosni i Hercegovini pri čemu je podcrtana etičko-moralna (ne)odgovornost nekadašnjih vlasnika pasa. Tijekom reflektiranja navedenih sadržaja, osim u bioetičkom rakursu, ova tematika je promišljana i iz rakursa muslimanske Tradicije, odnosno teologije morala. Tom prigodom pojam psa je sagledavan dominantno iz muslimanske teološko-moralne perspektive, ali u dijalogu sa bioetikom, tj. kroz prizmu integrativne bioetike.

In the former Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereafter: SRBH) agricultural and forest land, as important natural resources of any economy, were the subject of double restrictions. One was a result of the social attachment of property, and is immanent not only to socialistic regimes. The other restriction was the result of socialist ideology, which meant that these important economic resources could only to a limited extent be privately owned — and that everything beyond prescribed limits was nationalised. There was also a vast range of other reasons for the nationalisation of these goods. The transformation process entailed the removal of restrictions on the extent of ownership of these properties, and this was done within the framework of the constitutional reforms in the former Yugoslavia (1989/90). Still in the SRBH, after these constitutional reforms it was clear that denationalisation and restitution should follow. In 1991 it was forbidden by law to dispose of nationalised property. The measures of denationalisation and restitution of nationalised property are the focus of this article. First, a short analysis is given of the history of nationalisation and confiscation of property in the former Yugoslavia after the World War II. Since the end of the 20th Century (1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) has been an independent state which has performed crucial reforms within the process of transformation. But the denationalisation measures regarding agricultural and forest land are still pending. One of the reasons for that is the fact that BH is composed of three separate legal orders: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Srpska and Brčko District of BH. All three legal orders have been thoroughly analysed, since the legislative competencies for regulating denationalisation are merely given to these constituent parts of BH. Due to the political tensions and problems, it is unlikely that a framework law will be passed. The unclear ownership of agricultural and forest land (no criterion for the division of state ownership has yet been established) led to the OHR imposing a ban on the disposal of these assets in 2022. The consequence of the long absence of restitution and the coexistence of two restraining orders, which have different reasons and follow different goals, is a lack of legal certainty. The article concludes that in Bosnia  and Herzegovina  the final implementation of the transformation process in general, and restitution as a part of it, still faces many obstacles — lack of legal basis, facts established during the war, processes that are not centralised and coordinated due to the state structure, adoption of legal solutions that may jeopardise restitution in general, and restitution of agricultural land and forests as well. In brief: Bosnia and Herzegovina is still lost in transition.

This summary of the second Terrestrial Very-Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry (TVLBAI) Workshop provides a comprehensive overview of our meeting held in London in April 2024, building on the initial discussions during the inaugural workshop held at CERN in March 2023. Like the summary of the first workshop, this document records a critical milestone for the international atom interferometry community. It documents our concerted efforts to evaluate progress, address emerging challenges, and refine strategic directions for future large-scale atom interferometry projects. Our commitment to collaboration is manifested by the integration of diverse expertise and the coordination of international resources, all aimed at advancing the frontiers of atom interferometry physics and technology, as set out in a Memorandum of Understanding signed by over 50 institutions.

Balancing increasing demand for wood products while also maintaining forest biodiversity is a paramount challenge. Europe’s Biodiversity and Forest Strategies for 2030 attempt to address this challenge. Together, they call for strict protection of 10% of land area, including all primary and old growth forests, increasing use of ecological forestry, and less reliance on monocultural plantations. Using data on country wide silvicultural practices and a new database on strict forest reserves across Europe, we assess how triad forest zoning could help meet these goals. Our analysis reveals that zoning in Europe is overwhelmingly focused on wood production, while there has been little concomitant protection of forests in strict reserves. Moreover, most strict forest reserves are < 50 ha in size, likely too small to capture the minimum dynamic area necessary to sustain many taxa. We outline research priorities to meet future demands for timber while minimizing the impact on native biodiversity.

This paper presents the results of the first qualitative empirical study on digital legacy and post-mortem privacy in the UK, shedding light on experiences, practices, perceptions, and limitations in the field. Our research confirms and extends existing theoretical and doctrinal work, validating key arguments, assumptions and ideas. The study unveils critical issues surrounding awareness, platform behaviours, and the limitations of current practices, exacerbated by the global impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. Central to our findings is the overwhelming lack of awareness among users, practitioners, platforms, and regulators, highlighting a pressing need for increased engagement from the media, academics, and professional associations. The study identifies key drivers for change, emphasising the role of individual grief, high-profile cases, and technological advancements. Legal professionals, facing obstacles in the absence of clear regulations, exhibit leadership and creativity in addressing client needs, claiming a new expertise in the evolving field of digital legacy. Contrary to the clear call for law reform among practitioners, regulators acknowledge the growing importance but prioritise other areas, necessitating a cross-cutting reform approach. Concerns about platform cooperation, jurisdictional differences, and the inadequacy of existing solutions emerge, urging a re-evaluation of technological and in-service solutions, such as Facebook or Apple Legacy Contact. Education and media literacy are identified as pivotal components, addressing the broader landscape of digital legacy and privacy. Our findings underscore the urgent need for legal and policy reform, conceptual clarity, and a review of technological solutions. The study's impact extends beyond empirical evidence, informing subsequent research on user perceptions and guiding the development of policy and law reform proposals in the underexplored realm of digital legacy and post-mortem privacy.

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments relied on the police to enforce COVID-19 rules. However, little is known about police enforcement of these norms and use of discretion in this process. The current study draws on a sample of 3,866 police officers from 10 countries across the globe and examines officers’ use of discretion when encountering violations of COVID-19 rules. We assess the relative significance of factors such as the perceptions of community adherence to COVID-19 rules, assessments of the police agency’s support to deal with the pandemic, evaluations of COVID-19 seriousness, and psychological adjustments to the pandemic on police officers’ willingness to react when observing a COVID-19 violation. Our findings highlight the complexity of officer responses to violations of rules, which include not only enforcement actions such as giving advice and warning, issuing tickets, and making arrests, but also non-actions.

Corruption is a global problem in itself, and it presents a particular issue when it appears in the healthcare system. The healthcare system of every country is sensitive to corruption regardless of the level at which it occurs. The objectives of the research are: to determine the existence of documents that prevent corrupt activities in healthcare institutions; to ascertain whether the institution possesses Standard Operating Procedures that regulate the methods of employment and the inductionof new employees; and to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of employees regarding the awareness of anti-corruption prevention mechanisms.The research is quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative. Available strategicdocuments from institutions were used and analyzed. The research did not require financial costs and investments from the researchers. The results show that 39.4% of respondents believe that healthcare work workers take bribes, with 19.7% indicating that this occurs entirely, and 19.7% partially. Additionally, 51.2% of respondents stated they would report bribery if they had certain knowledge about it, with 45.7% indicating they would do so entirely, and 5.5% partially.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the association between plasma endocan levels and metabolic control parameters, as well as to evaluate its predictive value for clinical complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2). A total of 100 DMT2 patients participated in this prospective observational study. Plasma endocan levels were significantly elevated in DMT2 patients with HbA1c > 7% (1.38 ± 0.33 vs 0.68 ± 0.23 ng/mL; P < 0.0001), compared to patients with HbA1c ≤ 7%. Patients with plasma endocan concentrations >1.10 ng/mL (median value of 1.10 ng/mL) demonstrated significantly higher levels of metabolic parameters: body mass index (BMI), HbA1c (%), fasting glucose level, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, along with significantly lower HDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, patients with plasma endocan levels >1.10 ng/mL were found to have an increased risk for the following complications: retinopathy (relative risk [RR]: 2.7500; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2150–6.2244; P ═ 0.0152, nephropathy (RR: 2.0952; 95% CI: 1.2294–3.5710; P ═ 0.0065), neuropathy (RR: 1.9945; 95% CI: 1.2025–3.3081; P ═ 0.0075), angina pectoris (RR: 2.4881; 95% CI: 1.0865–5.6979; P = 0.0311, hypertension (RR: 1.1372; 95% CI: 1.0060–1.2856; P = 0.0398), cardiomyopathy (RR: 2.6190; 95% CI: 1.1507–5.9612; P = 0.0218), myocardial infarction (RR: 9.4286; 95% CI: 1.2742–69.7697; P = 0.0280) and stroke (RR: 4.4638; 95% CI: 1.3765–14.4758; P = 0.0127). Correlation analysis revealed that plasma endocan levels were positively correlated with HbA1c (%) (r ═ 0.856, P < 0.0001), fasting glucose level (r ═ 0.631, P < 0.0001), LDL (r ═ 0.347, P ═ 0.0004), cholesterol (r ═ 0.282, P ═ 0.0045), and triglycerides (r ═ 0.366, P ═ 0.0002). Conversely, plasma endocan levels were negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r ═ −0.429, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, higher plasma endocan levels were strongly associated with poor metabolic control in DMT2 patients and exhibited significant predictive value for both microvascular and macrovascular complications.