The paper examines the impact of budgetary accounting organization on the perception of corruption in the public sector, focusing on three key independent variables: the financial reporting framework, the accounting basis, and the level of independence of state auditing. The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), which measures the perceived level of corruption in the public sector, is used as an indicator of the dependent variable. The study includes data from 89 countries. For statistical analysis, categorical independent variables were encoded using the one-hot encoding method. Statistical tests were applied to assess the correlation between the independent variables and the CPI. The results show variations in correlation depending on the combination of financial reporting factors, the regulatory framework, and the quality of state auditing. The obtained results of multiple linear regression indicate that the model has a statistically significant impact on the CPI (p = 0.0217) and explains 21% of its variability. Keywords: public sector accounting, budgetary accounting organization, perception of corruption, public financial management reform.

Intracranial epidermoid cysts are rare, benign lesions accounting for 1% of intracranial tumors.1 They may arise from misplaced squamous epithelium during neural tube closure, and are found in the paramedian position, cerebellopontine angle, or parasellar region with other locations considered rare.2-4 The far lateral approach and its extensions enables access and visualization of ventral and ventrolateral lesions at the craniocervical junction without retraction.5-15 A 32-year-old female presented with gait instability, visual disturbances, and severe headaches. MRI demonstrated a solid, non-contrast enhancing T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense lesion in the right cerebellomedullary cistern with mass effect on cerebellum and brainstem, consistent with radiological findings of epidermoid cysts. The patient underwent far lateral suboccipital craniotomy with partial posterior medial condylectomy and C-1 hemilaminectomy while prone, which enabled unobstructed ventral view. A 4 hand (ie, 2 surgeon) microsurgical technique in tumor resection enabled dynamic, gentle tissue retraction and safe tumor resection. Apart from transient swallowing problems that resolved 2 weeks post-operation, the patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up MRI revealed gross total removal. This video demonstrates the steps, anatomy, and technical nuances for vascular and neural preservation during removal of epidermoid cysts in the cerebellomedullary cistern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first operative video showing the resection of a pure cerebellomedullary cistern epidermoid cyst. The utility of fat graft dural closure enhancement decreased the risk of CSF leak. The patient provided consent. Institutional review board approval was not required for individual cases and thus was not sought.

Introduction The implementation of nationwide viral hepatitis C elimination programs is challenging in Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC). It is reasonable to start by targeting specific populations, such as people living with HIV (PLWH), who are at higher risk of acquiring HCV or developing HCV-related complications. Methods Euroguidelines in Central and Eastern Europe Network Group consists of experts in the field of infectious diseases from 26 countries in the region. Between April 26th and June 23rd 2023, the group performed an on-line survey consisting of 32 questions. The questionnaire assessed the status of HCV micro-elimination in 2022. Results Twelve HIV centers from 11 countries responded: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia and Ukraine. All centers screen for HCV antibody all PLWH at entry into care. The seroprevalence of anti-HCV was <5% in 5 centers (Albania, Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia and Hungary), 30.2% in Estonia and 29% in Ukraine, Greece and Moldova had high seroprevalence as well, 15.3% and 15.6% respectively. The prevalence of HCV viremia in antibody-positive PLWH was very high in Greece (85%), while in most other treatment centers it ranged from 4.2% to 38.2%. There is also a screening policy of annual HCV-testing of HCV-antibody negative persons in all centers by either testing all PLWH or those considered at risk. Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) were not available in one country (Albania). Among PLWH who entered care in 2022, nine out of 12 ECEE centers reported cases of HCV/HIV coinfection, with five centers indicating that at least 50% of these individuals were HCV-viremic. Conclusions HCV screening in PLWH followed by access to DAA treatments were available in all but one center. Microelimination of HCV in PLWH in the majority of surveyed HIV treatment centers in CEEC has not been achieved and efforts to reach this goal need to be strengthened.

Abstract In the context of increasing challenges in the fight against financial crime, this paper analyzes the significance of forensic accounting in identifying suspicious transactions within the financial sector, with the aim of strengthening efforts to combat money laundering in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Money laundering is a complex form of financial crime that can be committed by individuals or large organizations. This form of financial crime is known from individuals to large organizations, and over time, different methodologies for carrying it out have developed. The detection and prevention of money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities in BiH are regulated by the Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities (“Official Gazette of BiH,” No. 13/24), as well as the Rulebook on the Implementation of the Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities (“Official Gazette of BiH,” No. 41/15 and 24/23). This paper aims to identify weaknesses in the financial and regulatory oversight systems in BiH. It also explores the level of understanding of forensic accounting techniques and money laundering mechanisms within organizations in the country, and assesses their impact on the overall effectiveness of anti-money laundering efforts.

This study aimed to compare anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and physical performance parameters between more and less experienced wrestlers to determine the influence of competitive experience on key performance indicators. A total of 47 male wrestlers were divided into two groups based on their competitive experience: more experienced (n=22, >6 years) and less experienced (n=25, <6 years). Anthropometric measurements included body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BF%). Performance assessments consisted of the countermovement jump (CMJ), handgrip strength (HGS), and the Specific Wrestling Fitness Test (SWFT). Group differences were analyzed using t-tests for independent samples, and discriminant canonical analysis. More experienced wrestlers had significantly lower body fat percentage (p=0.04) and better performance in the SWFT repetitions test (p=0.001) compared to their less experienced counterparts. They also exhibited a lower heart rate response during the SWFT (p=0.01), indicating better recovery capacity. Also, competing experience was correlated to SWFT repetitions (R=0.51) and SWFT index (R=-0.45). Wrestling experience appears to be associated with wrestling-specific performance. However, the experience did not significantly influence absolute strength or explosive power. These findings suggest that training programs for less experienced wrestlers should emphasize wrestling-specific performance development to improve performance.

Background/Objectives: Colistin is a last-resort treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa multidrug-resistant infections, but resistance to it is emerging. While colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa is typically associated with chromosomal mutations inducing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aminoarabinosylation, other mutations unrelated to LPS modifications have been proposed to influence the extent of colistin resistance. Here, we examined whether the genetic background and culture conditions affect the evolution of high-level colistin resistance in this bacterium. Methods: We performed in vitro evolution experiments in the presence or absence of increasing colistin concentrations with two phylogenetically distant reference strains in a standard laboratory medium and in two media mimicking P. aeruginosa growth during lung or systemic infections. Resistance-associated mutations were identified by comparative genomics, and the role of selected mutated genes was validated by allele replacement, deletion, or conditional mutagenesis. Results: Most colistin-resistant mutants carried mutations in genes belonging to four functional groups: two-component systems controlling LPS aminoarabinosylation (PmrAB, PhoPQ), LPS biosynthesis, the production of the polyamine norspermidine, and fatty acid metabolism. No mutation was exclusively and invariably associated with a specific strain or medium. We demonstrated that norspermidine is detrimental to the acquisition of colistin resistance upon PmrAB activation and that impaired fatty acid biosynthesis can promote colistin resistance, even if it increases susceptibility to other antibiotics. Conclusions: The evolution of colistin resistance in P. aeruginosa appeared to be only marginally affected by the genetic background and culture conditions. Notably, mutations in fatty acid biosynthetic genes represent a newly identified genetic determinant of P. aeruginosa colistin resistance, warranting further investigation in clinical isolates.

Abstract The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is primarily notable for being an annex to the Dayton Peace Treaty that ended the 1992–1995 war. A significant aspect of this constitutional framework is its emphasis on the three main ethnic groups – Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs – designated as constituent peoples, which play a central role in the state’s governance and institutions. The recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the case of Savickis and Others v. Latvia has indirectly highlighted the (in)compatibility of certain constitutional solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the principle of non-discrimination of the European Convention on Human Rights. In this article, the authors explain how the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not seek to implement the rulings issued by the ECtHR, but rather interpreted the constitutional identity of the country as being based precisely on the central role given to the constituent peoples. In so doing, the Constitutional Court, now also supported by the case Savickis and Others v. Latvia, created the prospect of abuse of constitutionalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

This manuscript reports the synthesis and characterization of 19 novel heterostilbene carbamates, designed as selective butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors with potential applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. The compounds were synthesized from resveratrol analogs, and their structures were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction for selected derivatives (compounds 1 and 4). In vitro assays demonstrated high selectivity toward BChE over acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with compound 16 exhibiting exceptional inhibitory activity (IC50 = 26.5 nM). Furthermore, compound 16 showed moderate anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In silico ADME(T) profiling revealed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and low mutagenic potential for the majority of compounds. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding interactions within the BChE active site. These results highlight heterostilbene carbamates as promising lead structures for developing novel therapeutic agents targeting neurodegenerative diseases.

To address the issue of groundwater vulnerability management and analysis, an algorithm was developed based on which the necessary research was conducted in the broader area surrounding the water source Novoselija used for water supply of the population in the city of Banja Luka (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Within the GIS, as one of the spatial data techniques, the GOD method for vulnerability assessment was used. Data visualization within the GIS program package, combined with the aforementioned GOD method, enabled a clearer understanding of the spatial distribution of groundwater vulnerability in this area, which made it possible to delineate different zones: from negligible to extreme vulnerability. The high degree of the parameter has been determined in the zone of the actual water source and is associated with terrace and gravels sediments. In the alluvial sediment zone, located south of the water source, vulnerability has been assessed as extreme. In this area, there is certainly a potential risk of groundwater vulnerability to all pollutants, with a very rapid impact in most contamination scenarios. From the east and the west side, the aquifer in question is confined by flysch deposits of Cretaceous age, which are hydrogeologically characterized as conditionally “waterless” parts of the terrain, and within them, the vulnerability has been classified as negligible. The results of this research are also important for later delineation of the sanitary protection zone of the aquifer in question.

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the lipid parameter non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) on the occurrence of major cardiovascular event (MACE) in patients after first-time ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI) and implantation of drug-eluting stent (DES). Seventy-eight patients (54 male and 24 female, median age 58.62±11.14 years) with the diagnosis of first-time STEMI who were treated with pPCI with DES implantation in the period from January 2018 until January 2020 were included in the study. Patients were followed for two years of the intervention for the occurrence of MACE and its association with baseline non-HDL-C, as well as total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides. During 2-year follow-up, 20 (25.6%) patients had MACE. There was no significant difference in baseline parameters such as age, hypertension, presence of diabetes mellitus, and post-interventional use of statin therapy between patients with and without MACE. The levels of baseline lipid parameters were significantly higher in patients who experienced MACE, as follows: total cholesterol (p=0.009), LDL-C (p=0.028) and non-HDL-C (p=0.007). Pearson χ2-test showed that both non-HDL-C and LDL-C were significant predictors of MACE occurrence during 2-year follow-up, but non-HDL-C had a more significant correlation than LDL-C (p=0.007 vs. p=0.028). Our initial report shows that baseline non-HDL-C was a more significant predictor of the occurrence of MACE after first-time STEMI than LDL-C, which reflects the importance of the residual risk of MACE occurrence while enabling identification and close monitoring of high-risk patients.

Abstract Intraepithelial lymphocytosis is a hallmark of microscopic colitis commonly presenting with debilitating chronic watery diarrhea. The exact pathophysiology remains unclear but is believed to involve an abnormal immune response to the luminal microenvironment in genetically predisposed individuals. Medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, proton pump inhibitors, and antidepressants, as well as alcohol consumption and smoking have been regarded as risk factors for microscopic colitis. Lymphocytic colitis often responds well to anti-inflammatory treatment, with budesonide being a first line therapy. Relapse is common after discontinuing budesonide, often necessitating low-dose maintenance therapy. Advanced therapies including anti-TNF-alpha (e.g. infliximab) or anti-integrin (e.g. vedolizumab) agents as well as JAK inhibitors (e.g. upadacitinib) may be considered in refractory cases. However, confirmation of the diagnosis and ruling out other etiologies are necessary before intensifying treatment. Here, we present the case of a 78-year-old female patient with a twenty month history of chronic refractory diarrhea, repeatedly diagnosed as microscopic lymphocytic colitis. Following further deterioration and the development of hepatosplenomegaly with atypical liver lesions, a review of colonic biopsies and additional work-up led to the correct diagnosis.

Linguistic errors remain a persistent challenge for B2-level EFL learners, with research showing that grammatical misapplication accounts for nearly half of the language inaccuracies. This study investigates 942 errors in argumentative essays written by Bosnian EFL learners, focusing on grammatical, lexical, and typographical challenges that impact their English writing proficiency. The data, consisting of 90 essays with a total word count of 45,786, were collected and analyzed following a structured procedure: collection, identification, description, and evaluation of learners’ errors. A descriptive-qualitative error analysis approach was employed to classify errors and examine their underlying causes systematically. To ensure reliability and consistency in the analysis, three instructors independently reviewed the essays. Inter-rater reliability was achieved through collaborative discussions, where any discrepancies in error classification were resolved through consensus. Errors were categorized into grammatical (50.2%), word-choice (29.3%), and typographical (20.5%) types and further analyzed to determine their origins as intralingual or interlingual. A deeper investigation revealed that 58% of errors were intralingual, resulting from overgeneralization and rule misapplication, while the remaining 42% were interlingual, influenced by Bosnian language interference. These findings highlight the need for focused interventions, particularly in grammar and vocabulary instruction. By uncovering error patterns and their causes, the study contributes to refining pedagogical strategies that support EFL learners’ writing proficiency.