City is a living organism in a continuous evolutive process; its historic core evolves with it as well. Current transformations create ever more tensions between the need for preservation of historic urban areas, being the identification parameters of culture and the need for modernisation and inclusion into flow of contemporary city life. This paper aims to provide insight into intricate action that will allow both, preservation and development to work together to create better living conditions. All complexities and dualities encountered though the processes of urban transformation are tools for generating guidelines and procedures concerning the interventions within a historic urban area. Systematic research and analyses of the past, of the changes that occurred in previous times, as well as their adequate evaluation is the essence of decision making in urban transformations, which is further supported by the Case study presented. In order to be successful, transformative processes must be in agreement with not only the physical manifestation of heritage, but also with the underlying processes and circumstances that created the place in all of its peculiarities and uniqueness. A methodological procedure is established and defined by actions on design projects and urban spatial entities that is a contribution to the general theoretical background of urban design.

Introduction: Psychological stress and changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in period after diagnosis of “de novo” Parkinson disease (PD) could be a big problem for patients. Materials and Methods: We measured psychological stress and changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) in thirty patients (15:15) with “de novo” Parkinson’s disease, average age 64.17 ± 13.19 (28-82) years (Department of Neurology, University Clinical Center Tuzla). We used Impact of events scale (with 15 questions) to evaluate psychological stress. Normal level of morning cortisol was 201-681 nmol/l, and morning adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) up to 50 pg/ml. Results: Almost 55% patients suffered from mild or serious psychological stress according to IES testing (Horowitz et al.). Non-iatrogenic changes in HPA axis were noticed at 30% patients. The differences between female and male patients regarding to the age (p=0.561), value of cortisol (p=0.745), value of ACTH (p=0.886) and IES testing (p=0.318) were not noticed. The value of cortisol was the predictor of value of ACTH (r=0.427). Conclusion: Psychological stress and changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are present in patients with “de novo” PD. There is significant relation between values of cortisol and ACTH. Psychological stress is frequent problem for “de novo” PD patients.

This text deals with the historical and normative trajectory of precepts / and principles of education planning in the context of post 1988 federal law On methodological basis of qualitative research with emphasis on literature (literature review) and documentary research legal basis prioritized If analyze the constitutional principles (the Constitution of 1988) and of the law of Directives and Bases of National Education No. 9394/96 on the planning of education (and school). It is worth highlighting the social relevance of participatory planning and their contributions, especially for the formulation and implementation of educational policies in the construction of the Brazilian Democratic State Law. The analysis of historical and normative trajectory of Brazilian educational planning is worth reiterating, in this textual space, the argument of the researcher Jose Silverio B. Horta (1982 p. 236) when he says that 'law and educational planning' figure as 'basic mechanism of state intervention'. Educational policy in the light of democracy requires the experience of participatory planning as an instrument / channel and democratization of Brazilian education.

Background The scientific community increasingly is recognizing the need to bolster standards of data analysis given the widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. The aim of this study was to investigate students’ attitudes towards statistics within a multi-site medical educational context, monitor their changes and impact on student achievement. In addition, we performed a systematic review to better support our future pedagogical decisions in teaching applied statistics to medical students. Methods A validated Serbian Survey of Attitudes Towards Statistics (SATS-36) questionnaire was administered to medical students attending obligatory introductory courses in biostatistics from three medical universities in the Western Balkans. A systematic review of peer-reviewed publications was performed through searches of Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Medline, and APA databases through 1994. A meta-analysis was performed for the correlation coefficients between SATS component scores and statistics achievement. Pooled estimates were calculated using random effects models. Results SATS-36 was completed by 461 medical students. Most of the students held positive attitudes towards statistics. Ability in mathematics and grade point average were associated in a multivariate regression model with the Cognitive Competence score, after adjusting for age, gender and computer ability. The results of 90 paired data showed that Affect, Cognitive Competence, and Effort scores demonstrated significant positive changes. The Cognitive Competence score showed the largest increase (M = 0.48, SD = 0.95). The positive correlation found between the Cognitive Competence score and students’ achievement (r = 0.41; p<0.001), was also shown in the meta-analysis (r = 0.37; 95% CI 0.32–0.41). Conclusion Students' subjective attitudes regarding Cognitive Competence at the beginning of the biostatistics course, which were directly linked to mathematical knowledge, affected their attitudes at the end of the course that, in turn, influenced students' performance. This indicates the importance of positively changing not only students’ cognitive competency, but also their perceptions of gained competency during the biostatistics course.

This paper analyses employment segregated market, as method of discrimination that is rather common and present in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (B&H) labor market. Data on B&H’s labor market were gathered, and examined by using a Mann Whitney test. Since this nonparametric test does not depend on normality of data, it was a best fitting test, for two independent populations, male and female population. Results of our analysis on analysis of person in employment by group of economics activities, shown that in B&H more men are employed than women, and women appear to be more economically inactive in all three groups of sections of economics activities that are selected for the analysis namely agriculture, industry and service sector. In order to resolve this problem several recommendations were given among which primary research on education attainment and employment opportunities should be conducted on the country level. It is needed to insure that gender equality law and gender action plan will be fully and equally implemented across the country, at all levels and entities.

Studies of clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) usually tackle the problems of designing new algorithms and compare them based on a set of properties (e.g. energy efficiency, scalability), lacking the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and communication patterns that lead to these properties. Our approach tackles this lack of understanding by applying techniques developed by complex systems scientists. Functional topology graphs, which describe the interactions between system parts, are used to represent different implementations of clustering in WSNs. We employ a complexity metric - functional complexity (CF) - to quantify the potential of the functional topology to transport information. Our analysis highlights the trade-off between scalability and energy efficiency, showing that higher values of CF indicate higher scalability and lower energy efficiency.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of data formatting technology in AMF, JSON and XML, during data transfer between client and server. Data is authoring application that allows comparative analysis of these three technologies. These include aspects of the data transfer speed, the size of the output file, the data transmission safety, the code complexity of both the client and the server.

Substantial changes have occurred in the nutritional management of many diseases in the last twenty years. Introduction of standards, clinical review and implementation of evidence based practice led to re-evaluation of some established dietary interventions. The most common form of osteoporosis is the primary osteoporosis, which is the result of the bone loss and deterioration of bone structure, as people age. Bone loss and osteoporosis can be prevented through adequate nutrition, physical activity, and, if necessary, appropriate treatment. This review will focus on nutritional and clinical aspects of bone tissue homeostasis, with references to physiological and pathophysiological processes.

Silicon oxide-based resistive switching devices show great potential for applications in nonvolatile random access memories. We expose a device to voltages above hard breakdown and show that hard oxide breakdown results in mixing of the SiOx layer and the TiN lower contact layers. We switch a similar device at sub-breakdown fields in situ in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) using a movable probe and study the diffusion mechanism that leads to resistance switching. By recording bright-field (BF) TEM movies while switching the device, we observe the creation of a filament that is correlated with a change in conductivity of the SiOx layer. We also examine a device prepared on a microfabricated chip and show that variations in electrostatic potential in the SiOx layer can be recorded using off-axis electron holography as the sample is switched in situ in the TEM. Taken together, the visualization of compositional changes in ex situ stressed samples and the simultaneous observation of BF TEM contrast...