Osteoclasts, specialized bone resorbing cells of hematopoietic origin, become overactive in rheumatoid arthritis, leading to bone loss and joint destruction. Osteoclast progenitor cells (OCP) arise from myeloid precursors of monocyte/macrophage lineage and are found in the bone marrow and among circulatory monocytes. Under inflammatory conditions subpopulations of OCPs undergo through functional and phenotypic changes responsible for their increased migration to inflamed sites and osteoresorptive activity. In our study, we have been investigating frequencies of distinct OCP subsets and their expression of chemokine receptors in circulation and periarticular bone marrow (PBM) of C57BL/6 mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We found that both hematopoietic lymphoid-negative CD11b+CD115+ and CD11b−/loCD115+ subsets possess osteoclastogenic activity and are enlarged in blood and PBM of affected joints in CIA. OCP subsets substantially expressed CCR2 and CX3CR1, but had low expression of CCR5, CCR9 and CXCR4, with no difference between control and CIA group. Concurrently CCL2 serum levels were significantly increased in CIA, whereas CX3CL1 levels were comparable to control. In an in vitro migration assay, peripheral blood leukocytes from CIA mice after M-CSF and RANKL stimulation increasingly migrated toward CCL2 and CCL5 chemotactic gradients. Intravascular in vivo staining demonstrated increased recirculation of CD45+CD11b+ cells through areas of PBM affected by arthritis. These results suggest that highly induced OCP subpopulations in CIA migrate to inflamed joints due to chemotaxis and therefore blocking of chemokine signals may reduce osteoclast activity in arthritis.

Summary The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides recommendations to improve the editorial standards and scientific quality of biomedical journals. These recommendations range from uniform technical requirements to more complex and elusive editorial issues including ethical aspects of the scientific process. Recently, registration of clinical trials, conflicts of interest disclosure, and new criteria for authorship, emphasizing the importance of responsibility and accountability, have been proposed. Last year, a new editorial initiative to foster sharing of clinical trial data was launched. This review discusses this novel initiative with the aim of increasing awareness among readers, investigators, authors and editors belonging to the Editors’ Network of the European Society of Cardiology.

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) provides recommendations to improve the editorial standards and scientific quality of biomedical journals. These recommendations range from uniform technical requirements to more complex and elusive editorial issues including ethical aspects of the scientific process. Recently, registration of clinical trials, conflicts of interest disclosure, and new criteria for authorship - emphasizing the importance of responsibility and accountability-, have been proposed. Last year, a new editorial initiative to foster sharing of clinical trial data was launched. This review discusses this novel initiative with the aim of increasing awareness among readers, investigators, authors and editors belonging to the Editors´ Network of the European Society of Cardiology.

Circuit Breakers are one of the most important elements in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy, and assessing their condition is of the upmost importance regarding the health and safety of the transmission and distribution system. Numerous procedures and parameters exist that directly reflect the state of the circuit breaker, but this paper focuses on a relatively new procedure that measures and estimates the states of the arcing contacts of the circuit breaker. The state of the arcing contacts is in a direct correlation with the health of the circuit breaker and it is assessed by applying test called the Dynamic resistance measurement. The important parameters during this Dynamic Resistance test will be explained. The results obtained using developed algorithm are demonstrated in the field on a real circuit breaker, completing thus all necessary steps for the assessment of the arcing contacts.

This paper provides a microfoundation of the neoclassical growth theory. To rationalize a substantial share of labor in income despite ongoing automation of tasks, we present a simple model in which demand shifts toward goods of increasing sophistication along a vertically differentiated production structure. Automation of more advanced goods requires increasingly sophisticated capital which remains scarce along the growth path. This is why labor maintains a substantial share in income independent of core parameter assumptions. While our model features an entirely different mechanism, we show that its aggregate representation is the one of a neoclassical model with labor-augmenting technical change.