The control of recently observed spintronic effects in topological-insulator/ferromagnetic-metal (TI/FM) heterostructures is thwarted by the lack of understanding of band structure and spin textures around their interfaces. Here we combine density functional theory with Green's function techniques to obtain the spectral function at any plane passing through atoms of Bi2Se3 and Co or Cu layers comprising the interface. Instead of naively assumed Dirac cone gapped by the proximity exchange field spectral function, we find that the Rashba ferromagnetic model describes the spectral function on the surface of Bi2Se3 in contact with Co near the Fermi level EF0, where circular and snowflake-like constant energy contours coexist around which spin locks to momentum. The remnant of the Dirac cone is hybridized with evanescent wave functions from metallic layers and pushed, due to charge transfer from Co or Cu layers, a few tenths of an electron-volt below EF0 for both Bi2Se3/Co and Bi2Se3/Cu interfaces while hosting distorted helical spin texture wounding around a single circle. These features explain recent observation of sensitivity of spin-to-charge conversion signal at TI/Cu interface to tuning of EF0. Crucially for spin-orbit torque in TI/FM heterostructures, few monolayers of Co adjacent to Bi2Se3 host spectral functions very different from the bulk metal, as well as in-plane spin textures (despite Co magnetization being out-of-plane) due to proximity spin-orbit coupling in Co induced by Bi2Se3. We predict that out-of-plane tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in Cu/Bi2Se3/Co vertical heterostructure can serve as a sensitive probe of the type of spin texture residing at EF0.

The control of recently observed spintronic effects at topological-insulator/ferromagnetic-metal (TI/FM) interfaces is thwarted by the lack of understanding of their band structure and spin texture. Here we combine density functional theory with Green's function techniques to obtain the spectral function at any plane passing through atoms of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ and Co or Cu layers comprising the interface. In contrast to naively expected Dirac cone gapped by the proximity exchange field, we find that the Rashba ferromagnetic model describes (for some range of momenta) the spectral function on the surface of Bi$_2$Se$_3$ in contact with Co near the Fermi energy $E_F^0$, where circular and snowflake-like constant energy contours coexist around which spin locks to momentum. Interestingly, similar in-plane spin textures are also injected into first three monolayers of Co adjacent to Bi$_2$Se$_3$ due to spin-orbit proximity effect. The remnant of the Dirac cone is hybridized with evanescent wave functions injected by metallic layers and pushed, due to charge transfer from Co or Cu layers, few tenths of eV below $E_F^0$ for both Bi$_2$Se$_3$/Co and Bi$_2$Se$_3$/Cu interfaces while hosting distorted helical spin texture wounding around a single circle. These features can explain recent observation [K. Kondou et al., Nat. Phys. 12, 1027 (2016)] of extreme sensitivity of spin-to-charge conversion signal at TI/Cu interface to tuning of $E_F^0$. We predict that tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance in vertical heterostructure like Cu/Bi$_2$Se$_3$/Co, where current flowing perpendicular to its interfaces is modulated by rotating magnetization from out-of-plane to in-plane direction, can be employed to probe the type of spin texture residing at $E_F^0$ via purely charge transport measurement.

ABSTRACT The thermal power plant systems are one of the most complex dynamical systems which must function properly all the time with least amount of costs. More sophisticated monitoring systems with early detection of failures and abnormal behaviour of the power plants are required. The detection of anomalies in historical data using machine learning techniques can lead to system health monitoring. The goal of the research is to build a neural network-based data-driven model that will be used for anomaly detection in selected sections of thermal power plant. Selected sections are Steam Superheaters and Steam Drum. Inputs for neural networks are some of the most important process variables of these sections. All of the inputs are observable from installed monitoring system of thermal power plant, and their anomaly/normal behaviour is recognized by operator's experiences. The results of applying three different types of neural networks (MLP, recurrent and probabilistic) to solve the problem of anomaly detection confirm that neural network-based data-driven modelling has potential to be integrated in real-time health monitoring system of thermal power plant.

ABSTRACT This paper builds on the general survey of post-mortem privacy set out in the author’s earlier work. The concept of post-mortem privacy is further developed both at a theoretical level (underpinned by theories of autonomy) and a doctrinal level (considering concepts such as testamentary freedom, and the protection of personal data). Finally, the paper looks at some current developments of technology (tech solutions for the protection of post-mortem privacy) and law/policy (work done by the US Uniform Law Commission on the Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act – UFADAA). The argument is that both of these regulatory modalities provide examples and illustrations of how post-mortem privacy can be recognised practically, especially in the online environment. The paper is, therefore, setting the scene further in this under-explored area, also aiming to set the basis for the author’s subsequent empirical research (attitudes towards post-mortem privacy, quantitative and qualitative).

In Equal Recognition, Alan Patten argues that in a proper relationship between normative political theory and democratic politics, we must make a clear distinction between two questions related to cultural rights: (a) authority (who should decide?) and (b) the substance of deliberation. The question he wants to explore, however, is not the authority question but the substantive question. The aim of this article is to show that an account of equal recognition cannot bracket out the democratic element. It argues, first, that Equal Recognition does not live up to its initial promise, as it contains a number of reflections and recommendations (on language rights, on secession, on the rights of migrants’ cultures) that either explicitly or implicitly include the democratic element. Second, it points at other important areas of political decision-making – such as electoral system design, districting, referendums, quotas – in which it is quite clear that in order to extend equal recognition to minority cultures, we are obliged to take decisions related to the design of democratic institutions.

ABSTRACT Plant biostimulants are substances which have the capacity to modify physiological processes in plants in a way that provides potential benefits to growth, development or stress response. Effects of biostimulant application on two tomato hybrids (Ombeline F1 and Bostina F1) submitted to reduced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) nutrition aiming at prevention of oxidative stress generation as well as yield and fruit quality loss were investigated in this study. According to obtained results, foliar applied Viva® biostimulant decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) activity in tomato leaves even when recommended NPK nutrition was reduced at 40%. Fruit quality parameters (total soluble solids, total acidity, ascorbic acid and lycopene content) and yield were also maintained in reduced macronutrient fertilization when biostimulant was added. Combination of biostimulant with reduced NPK fertilizer enabled stability of cell homeostasis in tomato plants and their better adaptation to stress conditions. The possibility of biostimulant being used as environmental friendly tool in the reduction of mineral fertilizers without negative consequences regarding yield and fruit quality was discussed.

Introduction Fractures of the radial head and neck are the most common fractures of the elbow, and account for approximately one-third of all elbow fractures. Depending on the fracture type the treatment is either conservative or surgical. There is no absolute consensus regarding optimal treatment for different fracture types. The aim of this protocol is to present the method that will be used to collect, describe and analyse the current evidence regarding the treatment of Mason II–III radial head and neck fractures. Method and analysis We will conduct a systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) guidelines statement. We will search a number of databases with a predefined search strategy to collect both randomised and non-randomised studies. The articles will be summarised with descriptive statistics. If applicable a meta-analysis will be conducted. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required since this is a protocol for a systematic review and no primary data will be collected. The authors will publish findings from this review in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Trial registration number CRD42016037627.