Abstract Background Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is often linked with reproductive disorders in humans and animals. Despite this, its presence in animals in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB&H) remains undocumented. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection among domestic pigs in FB&H, assess associated risk factors for parasite transmission and provide insights into optimal management and biosafety practices for the pig industry. Methods A two‐phase random sampling approach was employed to select 87 pig farms across 10 administrative regions in FB&H. A total of 437 pigs were sampled and tested for anti‐T. gondii antibodies using an indirect ELISA kit. Epidemiological data on potential risk factors were collected through a standardised questionnaire and analysed using logistic regression models. Results The animal‐level seroprevalence was found to be 13.3% (95% CI = 10.4–16.8), with 44.8% of farms testing positive for T. gondii (95% CI: 34.8–55.3). Identified risk factors included exposure to cats, repeated occurrences of abortions within a single breeding season, swill feeding, type of housing, and type of operation. The robust association observed between recurrent abortions and Toxoplasma seropositivity indicates a significantly greater potential involvement of T. gondii in reproductive disorders among pigs in FB&H than previously acknowledged. Conclusions This study provides the first report on T. gondii infection in animals in FB&H, highlighting the need for further research to explore its presence in other meat animals and meat products consumed in the region. The findings underscore the importance of biosafety measures in mitigating T. gondii transmission and call for enhanced surveillance and management strategies in FB&H's pig industry.

Sažetak ( sa ključnim riječima): Sažetak: Radni sporovi su pogodni za rješavanje alternativnim načinima rješavanja, pa i mirenjem propisanim Zakona o mirnom rješavanju radnih sporova iz 2021. godine. U radu se obrađuju specifičnosti radnih sporova kao posebnog parničnog postupka. Glavni fokus rada je na analizi postupku mirnog rješavanja kolektivnih radnih sporova, mirovno vijeće, način određivanja miritelja i arbitara te druga pitanja od značaja za mirno rješavanje radnih sporova za teritoriju Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine ako drugim zakonom nije drugačije određeno. Autorica naglašava važnost obveznog mirenja kod rješavanja kolektivnog radnog spora uz analizu sudske prakse te utjecaj mirenja na ishod parnice i značaj jer postignuti sporazum ima pravnu snagu ovršne isprave. Autorica analizira odnos parničnog zakonodavstva te instituta obveznog mirenja kao predstadija prije pokretanja parničnog postupka za kolektivne radne sporove u kontekstu i konvencijskih prava - prava na pristup sudu te prava na udruživanje i prava na štrajk. Poseban naglasak se stavlja na specifičnosti i značaj mirenja u kolektivnim radnim sporovima. Ključne riječi: kolektivni radni spor, Zakon o mirnom rješavanju radnih sporova, mirenje, arbitraža Summary: Labor disputes are suitable for resolution by alternative means of resolution, including mediation prescribed by the Law on the Peaceful Settlement of Labor Disputes from 2021. The paper addresses the specifics of labor disputes as a special civil procedure. The main focus of the paper is on the analysis of the procedure for the peaceful resolution of collective labor disputes, the peace council, the method of appointing conciliators and arbitrators, and other issues of importance for the peaceful resolution of labor disputes for the territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, unless otherwise provided for by other law. The authors emphasize the importance of mandatory mediation in resolving collective labor disputes, along with an analysis of case law and the impact of mediation on the outcome of litigation and its significance because the agreement reached has the legal force of an enforceable document. The authors analyze the relationship between civil proceeding law and the institute of mandatory mediation as a preliminary stage before initiating civil proceedings for collective labor disputes in the context of both convention rights - the right to access to court and the right to associate and the right to strike. Special emphasis is placed on the specifics and importance of mediation in collective labor disputes. Keywords: collective labor dispute, Law on Peaceful Resolution of Labor Disputes, mediation, arbitratio

Dementia is a growing public health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), as a post-conflict LMIC with a complex administrative structure, currently lacks national guidelines, epidemiological data, and systematic approaches for dementia care. This study investigates healthcare workers’ attitudes toward dementia care and identifies both obstacles and practical opportunities for improving practice within BiH’s unique healthcare system. A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted in primary healthcare settings across Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 25 participants, including family medicine doctors (n = 10), nurses (n = 10), and psychologists (n = 5). The data were analyzed using thematic analysis guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Dementia care in BiH is predominantly reactive, with healthcare professionals typically responding only after families have expressed concerns. Participants reported inconsistent use of cognitive screening tools (e.g. MMSE, MoCA), largely due to insufficient training, lack of clear national guidelines, and varying institutional practices. Many clinicians felt unprepared and unsupported in managing dementia cases. Cultural stigma and widespread misperceptions of dementia as a normal part of aging contribute to delays in diagnosis and reduce the likelihood that families will seek help early. These barriers are exacerbated by a lack of national prevalence data and fragmented care pathways. The findings of this study indicate the need to change the approach to dementia care in BiH through concrete and realistic measures within the existing systemic frameworks. Practice-based guidelines, culturally adapted tools for early detection, reactivation of community-based care, accessible education, a pragmatic approach to prevention, and local initiatives for awareness-raising and multidisciplinary care are recommended.

Background and Objectives: Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a treatable, but diagnostically challenging condition in the elderly marked by gait disturbance, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting is effective, but the prognostic significance of symptom duration before surgery remains unclear. This systematic review evaluates symptom duration in NPH patients with postoperative outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they assessed clinical or radiological outcomes of VP shunting in adult NPH patients, reported symptom duration, and had a follow-up of at least one month. Clinical outcomes (MMSE, TUG, NPH score) were qualitatively analyzed due to study heterogeneity. Results: Twenty-four studies comprising 1169 patients were included (mean age: 72.45 years; mean symptom duration: 33.04 months). Most studies reported clinical improvement after VP shunting. However, few directly evaluated the effect of symptom duration, yielding inconsistent findings: some suggested better outcomes with shorter symptom duration, while others found no clear correlation. Larger studies often lacked conclusive data, and no randomized controlled trials were identified. Conclusions: VP shunting remains an effective intervention for NPH; however, evidence supporting the predictive value of preoperative symptom length is inconclusive. This review highlights the need for standardized diagnostic protocols and larger prospective studies to clarify this association and optimize surgical timing.

Background and Objectives: Resilience and perceived social support are crucial factors influencing the psychological well-being among breast cancer survivors. Understanding their levels and interrelations can inform psychosocial interventions aimed at improving survivorship outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between resilience and perceived social support, evaluate the psychometric properties, and explore their associations with key sociodemographic factors among breast cancer survivors. Materials and Methods: A total of 253 women in clinical remission, at least six months post-primary treatment, were recruited from the University Clinical Center of Vojvodina. Participants completed sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Results: Participants reported moderate levels of resilience (Mdn = 75, IQR = 19). Among resilience domains, Hardiness (Mdn = 22, IQR = 7) and Coping (Mdn = 14, IQR = 4) scored highest, while Optimism (Mdn = 6, IQR = 3) was the lowest. A significant positive correlation was found between resilience and fertility-related quality of life (ρ = 0.454, p < 0.01), while a negative correlation was observed between resilience and fertility-related stress (ρ = −0.275, p < 0.01). Adaptive coping strategies, particularly from the Practical Management Branch of the CIQ, were positively associated with resilience and quality of life, while avoidance coping was linked to higher stress and lower well-being. Conclusions: Breast cancer survivors in this Serbian cohort reported moderate resilience and social support, with a strong interrelationship between the two. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening social support networks as a potential pathway to enhance resilience and psychological well-being in cancer survivorship care.

Bedding begonias ( Begonia cucullata Hort.) are cultivated primarily for their aesthetic appeal. Boasting beautiful leaves and lively, colourful flowers, these plants can significantly enhance any garden space. They also have the capacity to produce a large biomass, suggesting their suitability for phytoextraction purposes. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bedding begonia in removing Cr, Pb, and Cd from artificially polluted substrates, with concentrations varying from 100 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg for Cr and Pb, and from 20 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg for Cd. The phytoextraction potential was estimated using bioaccumulation (BAF) and translocation (TF) factors analysis. The current study demonstrated that bedding begonia can successfully grow in substrates enriched with Cr, Pb, and Cd. BAF values < 1 for both Cr and Pb were detected regardless of contamination levels, indicating that this species has limited capacity to restore soils contaminated with these metals. On the other hand, BAF and TF values for Cd were greater than 1 at all contamination levels, implying their potential to remove Cd from polluted soils.

This paper presents a study of air pollution in the vertical profile of the atmosphere during periods with and without temperature inversion in the Zenica valley. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) equipped with sensors for measuring the concentration of suspended particles, atmospheric pressure and air temperature were used for the study. The measurements were carried out at three different locations in the Zenica valley in two different periods. The study shows that pollutants remain below the inversion layer during the inversion period and that concentrations drop sharply at heights above the floor of the inversion layer. The measurements were carried out in December 2024 and January 2025 at three locations (Institut, Kamberovi apolje and Banlozi) along the Zenica valley, which, in addition to industrial sources of pollution, also contains a large number of small house stows distributed on the slopes of the hills surrounding the Zenica valley on three sides.

The objective of this research was to (1) gain insight into the online and offline video gaming activities participants engaged in over the previous 12 months related to IGD, and (2) examine differences in internet gaming disorder scores between eSports players and gamers. The research was conducted on 62 participants (N=62), 26 of whom are eSports players participating in state-level and regional-level competitions, while the remaining 36 are classified as gamers. Regression analysis and t-test statistical procedures were used to test the hypotheses regarding internet gaming disorder, utilizing the IGD-20 (Internet Gaming Disorder-20) psychological scale. It was hypothesized that age, age of initiation into gaming, weekly hours played, and gamer/eSports player status are statistically significant predictors of internet gaming disorder, while also assuming that eSports players score lower on mood modification, withdrawal symptoms, and conflict subscales of internet gaming disorder. Results indicate that the first hypothesis was partially confirmed, where age (ß=-.275, p<.05) and gamer/eSports player status (ß=.459, p<.001) are statistically significant predictors of internet gaming disorder, while other variables showed no statistical significance. Testing differences between eSports players and gamers, all three hypotheses were confirmed, with eSports players scoring significantly lower on mood modification (t(60)=3.37, p<.01), withdrawal symptoms (t(60)=2.98, p<.01), and conflict (t(60)=2.86, p<.01) subscales. Conclusively, the results imply better mental health, control, and resilience in comparison to gamers, likely due to the organizational aspects of eSports organizations and the professional elements of their roles, which together seemingly serve as protective factors against mental health disorders. This research aimed to raise new questions and briefly introduce important details related to eSports and gaming.

<p>This study presents the results of applied phytoextraction as a soil phytoremediation method, based on the analysis of selected heavy metal content in soil and plant material. The selected locations where phytoextraction was applied as a phytoremediation method (Gradi&scaron;će, Podbrežje, and Tetovo) are situated in the city of Zenica, in proximity to the ArcelorMittal d.o.o. Zenica plant, identified as a potential major source of soil contamination in the surrounding area. The plant species used as potential phytoremediators were maize, Swiss chard, and alfalfa. The study analyzed the heavy metal content (Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu) in soil samples after plant material extraction, as well as in the root samples of the plant material. Additionally, the study presents the pH values of the soil before sowing (initial state) and after plant extraction. The primary objective of this research was to determine whether soil complexation with an aqueous EDTA solution contributed to the increased uptake of selected heavy metals from soil into the selected plants under real environmental conditions. To assess this, one portion of the land plots was treated with a 0.1 M EDTA solution (from sowing until the late growth stage), while the other portion was left untreated. The results presented in this study indicate that soil complexation with the EDTA solution did not significantly enhance the phytoremediation potential of plants in the majority of analyzed samples. One of the key reasons for the reduced mobility of heavy metals from soil into plant material may be the alkaline nature of the soil at all three study locations, with a pH &gt; 8. The mobility of heavy metals is significantly higher in acidic soils compared to alkaline soils.</p>

The aim of the study was to determine the association between motor abilities and the performance of the Osoto Gari (OSOTOG) from the special physical education (SPE) program, as a narrower part of the Physical Education field. The sample consisted of 84 male first-year students from the Faculty of Security Sciences in Banja Luka. The variable sample consisted of sixteen tests for assessing motor skills, which served as independent variables, and the dependent variable, the Osoto Gari, represented the average grades of performing the throwing technique with a backward standing leg from the SFE program. This technique differs from the classic Osoto Gari by its training methodology and level of application in defense or attack situations. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that motor skills are significant for the effectiveness of the throwing technique with a backward standing leg, with 46.4% of the total variability of the dependent variable OSOTOG being determined by the independent variables assessing motor skills. The statistically significant individual contributions to explaining the criterion variable OSOTOG were made by the following variables: hand tapping, side steps, twisting, side lying, forward bend on a bench, and standing long jump, which suggests that these variables are predictive for performing the throwing technique with a backward standing leg from the SPE program. The obtained results could be used to develop certain motor skills to improve the quality of performing the throwing technique with a backward standing leg.

<p style="text-align: justify;">In order to optimize the process parameters of face milling, an experiment&nbsp; was carried out in which three machining parameters were selected as&nbsp; input variables &ndash; spindle speed, axial depth of cut, and feed rate. Each&nbsp; parameter was varied at four levels, considering both rough and finish&nbsp; machining. The milling process was performed on a HURCO CNC&nbsp;<br />machine, using a solid carbide end mill with four cutting edges. The&nbsp; experiment was conducted using the Taguchi orthogonal array L16 (4^3).&nbsp; The output responses of the process are the surface roughness (Ra) and the material removal rate (MRR). Process parameter optimization was carried out using the multi-criteria optimization method - Grey Relational&nbsp;<br />Analysis (GRA), while the statistical significance of the parameters was&nbsp; examined by using ANOVA. The research established that the optimal values of MRR and Ra are obtained through the combination of the physical values of the input parameters: n = 6000 rpm, a = 2 mm, and f = 800 mm/min.&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align: justify;">In the given example of Taguchi's experiment, an investigation was&nbsp; conducted into the influence of factors on the assembly speed of the tool for precise bolt tightening. Unnecessary loss of time can be detrimental to production processes; therefore, it is crucial to promptly identify all negative factors that affect time. Taguchi's experiment was carried out according to the orthogonal array L16(215). Recommendations for optimal assembly conditions were provided.</p>

Root canal instrumentation is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. Among the various factors that influence the effectiveness of instrumentation, torque is particularly important. Adjusting the torque during root canal instrumentation not only improves dentin cutting efficiency but also decreases the potential for instrument fracture, canal transportation, or perforation. This paper explores the role of torque in endodontics, including its definition, measuring methods, effects on instrumentation, and implications for clinical outcomes. It specifically examines the parameters that influence torque generation during root canal instrumentation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of initial periodontal therapy on the periodontal status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. A total of 60 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease underwent initial periodontal therapy. Relevant data on HbA1c laboratory test results and periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and again three months later. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (version 13.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). To compare periodontal indices between the initial and follow-up examinations, the General Linear Model – Repeated Measures (GLM-RM) was used. Additional variables that could potentially influence the outcome (therapeutic option, HbA1c levels, and presence of diabetes mellitus) were included as covariates. Descriptive statistics are presented as absolute values (n), relative values (%), and as means with standard deviations or interquartile ranges. Comparisons between variables were conducted using the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test, depending on the distribution of the data. Based on our study, it can be concluded that initial periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, when analyzed in correlation with HbA1c levels, resulted in a reduction in clinical periodontal inflammatory parameters. The duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus and HbA1c levels did not have a statistically significant effect on the periodontal indices monitored in this study.